Atlas PRC # circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change circadian time of stimulus real hrs observed phase change circadian hrs observed phase change Species Stimulus Def. of stimulus time No. of cycles between stimulus and assayed phase change Def. of CT0 Author Journal Year Rhythm Assayed Phase ref for rhythm Free running period (hr) Light during free run Temperature during free run Comments 1: Last update 3:41:17 PM 11/15/90 "Comments 2: Compiled from the PRC Atlas of Carl Johnson, Vanderbuilt Univ" "Comments 3: Computer version by Van Gooch, Div of Sci & Math, Univ of Minn, Morris; Morris MN 56267 612/589-6372" Comments 4: Copyright Comments 5: For distribution to members of the Society for Biological Rhythms Comments 6: The compilers hold no responsibility for errors. Please notify the compilers of any errors that you find or suggestions that you have. Comments 7: Comments 8: A Am 1 4.5 13 5 6.5 15 0 15.5 0 20 -7 22 -6 23 -9.3 Acetabularia mediterranea dark 2500->0 ->2500 lux 8 beginning of the dark pulse 7 or 8 (see below) "9 hrs before maximum oxygen production, which corresponds to ""dawn"" in LD" Karakashian and Schweiger Expt. Cell Res. 97: 366-377 1976 oxygen production due to photosynthesis maximum oxygen production 21- 25 hrs at 20 degrees C "LL, 2500 lux" see comments A major problem of Acetabularia's rhythm is the large variation of period in any given cell. This characteristic makes small (3-4 hr) phase shifts impossible to detect and any given cell was recorded at least a week before and after the dark pulse so that reasonable estimations of phase could be measured. The PRC is derived from responses of nucleated and enucleated cells; the response is very similar. The temperature was different for the 2 cell types: "nucleated cells were maintained at 25 C, while enucleated cells were kept at 20 degrees C." "Because of the large variance of period, phase shifts are left in real time rather than converted to circadian time." "The oxygen electrode data was subjected to ""3-point moving averaging"" to minimize inaccuracies due to minor fluctuations in amplifier output." A Am 2 0 -5.5 1.5 -7 2.5 -14 4 -6 6.5 -3.5 13 -0.2 17.5 -0.2 24 -5.5 Acetabularia mediterranea chemical cycloheximide(0.1 mg/ml) - see below 8 beginning of 8 hr pulse 7 to 8 6 hrs before maximum O2 production (see comments) Karakashian and Schweiger PNAS 73: 3216-3219 and Expt. Cell Res. 98: 303-312 1976 oxygen production due to photosynthesis maximum oxygen production 21-25 "LL, 2500 lux" 25 "See comments on previous PRC, especially about period variability and phase shifts plotted in real, not circadian time." "Cycloheximide pulses were administered by rapidly flushing oxygen chamber at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. (standard flow rate was 0.4 ml/hr.), and flushing chamber out again 8 hrs later. Control" "cycloheximide pulses administered without changing the standard slow flow rate showed little difference, suggested that the rapid flushing did not affect the rhythm." This PRC designated phase ref (maximum oxygen production) as CT 6; no explanation was given to explain why the previous PRC's (dark pulse) phase ref was designated CT 9. A Am 3 1 -0.2 7 -6.8 12 -11.3 13.5 -15 14.5 -11.6 20.5 -2.8 Acetabularia mediterranea chemical cycloheximide(0.1 mg/ml) - see below 8 beginning of 8 hr pulse 7 to 8 6 hrs before maximum oxygen production Karakashian and Schweiger PNAS 73(9): 3216-3219 1976 oxygen production due to photosynthesis maximum oxygen production 21-25 "LL, 2500 lux" 20 See comments on previous PRCs A Cr 1 0.7 -1 -1 5.4 -0.4 -0.4 13.2 -1 -1 14.1 -3 -2.9 15.1 -4 -3.8 16 1 1 16.9 9.1 8.7 17.4 8.8 8.4 17.9 8.5 8.2 18.8 1.2 1.2 20.7 -0.2 -0.2 22.6 -0.8 -0.8 22.8 -0.8 -0.9 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 light 2.5 W/m*m (cells in darkness) 0.25 onset of pulse 2-6 (extrapolated) Onset of the dark period "Kondo, T, C.H. Johnson, J.W. Hastings" Submitted for pub 1990 Photoaccumulation minimum photoaccumulation 25 0.5 W/m*m (dimLL) 25 The phase was calculated by an extrapolation to the day on which the pulse was given. "Protocol: cells were grown in LL, then placed in darkness for 24 hrs. During this dark period, the 15 min light pulses were administered. " " At the end of the dark period, cells were placed in dim LL and the rhythms assayed." Light pulse=cool white fluorescence light "Cells: the Chlamydomonas strain used in these experiments was CW15, which is a cell wall-less strain." A Cr 2 1.9 -0.8 -0.8 4.8 -1 -1 7.7 -1.4 -1.3 10.6 -2.6 -2.5 13.4 -4.3 -4.1 16.3 1.4 1.3 19.2 2.5 2.4 22.1 0.2 0.2 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 light 2.5 W/m*m (cells in dim LL) 6 onset of pulse 2-6 Onset of dim LL "Kondo, T, C.H. Johnson, J.W. Hastings" Unpublished 1990 Photoaccumulation minimum photoaccumulation 25 0.5 W/m*m (dimLL) 25 The phase was calculated by an extrapolation to the day on which the pulse was given. Pulse was given to the cells which had been exposed to the dim white background light (dim LL) "Protocol: cells were grown in LL, then given a 12-hr dark pulse to synchronize the clocks among the cells in the population. " " At the end of the dark period, cells were placed in dim LL and light pulses were administered within the next 36 hrs." Light pulse=cool white fluorescence light "Cells: the Chlamydomonas strain used in these experiments was CW15, which is a cell wall-less strain." A Cr 3 1.9 -1.2 -1.2 4.8 -2 -1.9 7.7 -1.9 -1.8 10.6 -4 -3.8 13.4 -8.2 -7.9 16.3 4.6 4.4 19.2 1.6 1.5 22.1 -0.1 -0.1 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 light 7.5 W/m*m (cells in dim LL) 6 onset of pulse 2-6 Onset of dim LL "Kondo, T, C.H. Johnson, J.W. Hastings" Unpublished 1990 Photoaccumulation minimum photoaccumulation 25 0.5 W/m*m (dimLL) 25 The phase was calculated by an extrapolation to the day on which the pulse was given. See previous PRC for protocol A Cr 4 1.9 -2.1 -2 4.8 -2.4 -2.3 7.7 -2.8 -2.7 10.6 -6.1 -5.9 13.4 -11.5 -11 16.3 5.9 5.7 19.2 2.8 2.7 22.1 -0.3 -0.3 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 light 25 W/m*m (cells in dim LL) 6 onset of pulse 2-6 Onset of dim LL "Kondo, T, C.H. Johnson, J.W. Hastings" Unpublished 1990 Photoaccumulation minimum photoaccumulation 25 0.5 W/m*m (dimLL) 25 The phase was calculated by an extrapolation to the day on which the pulse was given. See previous PRC for protocol A Eg 1 4.4 0 0 4.5 -1 -1 10 -12 -12.2 11 -3.6 -3.6 12 -8 -8.1 17.6 5.3 5.4 Euglena gracilis light 7 watt incandescent "4(CT4.4,11); 8(CT4.5,12);12(CT10,17.6)" beginning of light pulse 2 or 3 "Extrapolated ""lights on"" on first DD day after the end of LD treatment" "Bruce, V. Pittendrigh" Am Nat. 92:295-306 1958 Phototactic response to 20 min test light every 2 hrs max of the envelope which describes the response 23.7 20 min test light every 3 hrs 25? First set of points in data is for a 4 hr pulse; 2nd set for an 8 hr pulse; the last set is for a 12 hr pulse. "In contrast to temperature steps (a la Brinkman), light pulses given in Euglena cultures produce 2-3 day transients in phototaxis rhythm. , " "In other papers which describe light pulse PRCs in Euglena (e.g. Feldman), transients are not observed." A Eg 2 0 12 12.2 2 9 9.2 3.1 8 8.2 4.1 5.6 5.7 5.1 4.3 4.4 6.1 4.3 4.3 8.2 2.5 2.6 9.2 4 4.1 10.2 1.7 1.7 12.2 0 0 15.3 3 3.1 16.3 3.5 3.6 18.4 5 5.1 19.4 6.5 6.6 20.4 8 8.2 21.4 9 9.2 22.4 9 9.2 23.5 11 11.2 24 12 12.2 Euglena gracilis Temp steps up of 5C or more the time of the temperature step more than 24 hrs after step "the min of the motility rhythm which is ""dawn ""on LD 12:12" "Brinkman, K." Planta (berl.) 70: 344-389 1966 "Motility rhythm in autotrophic cultures (""old cells"")" min random motility 23.5 +- 0.3 20 min test light every 2 hrs 20-30 Amount of phase shift is independent of the magnitude of the temperature step in the range 5-15C "Since no transients are observed later than 24 hrs after the temperature step, the phase change is assayed after 2 or more free running cycles" "Temperature steps down (not plotted) shift 180 deg if given at CT0 with no transients, but cause no phase shifts at any other CT" "In growing, mixotrophic cultures (""young cells""), the clock is not phase shifted by temperature steps, but the frequency of the rhythm is " changed proportionally to the magnitude of the temperature step (Q10 = 0.93). A Eg 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 12 -2 -2 14 -2 -2 16 -2 -2 18 -2 -2 20 2 2 22 2 2 24 0 0 Euglena gracilis Light about 100 FtC 2 beginning of light pulse 2->4 extrapolated time of 'lights on' during first DD cycle "Feldman, J.F." Ph.D. Thesis; Princeton 1967 Phototactic response to dim test light usually the time of the minimum response 23.7 DD except every 24 min test light every 2 hr 25 Light pulses were given on the second day of DD after release from LD. A Eg 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 8 -2 -2 12 -4 -4.1 16 -8 -8.1 18 -4 -4 20 2 2 24 0 0 Euglena gracilis Light about 100 FtC 4 beginning of light pulse 2 to 4 "extrapolated time of ""lights-on"" during first DD cycle" "Feldman, J. F." PNAS 57(4):1080-1087 & Ph.D thesis (Princeton) 1967 Phototactic response to dim test-light usually the time of minimum response 23.7 DD except 24 mm test-light every 2 hrs. 25 "Each point is based on at least 4 independent experiments except the CT 18 point, which comes from only one experiment. " Light pulses were given on the second day of DD after release from LD. A Eg 5 0.7 7.2 7.5 1.8 9 9.4 2.8 9.6 10 3.8 -9.4 -9.8 4.9 -8.8 -9.2 6 -7.8 -8.1 7 -6.8 -7.1 8.1 -6.5 -6.8 9.1 -5.5 -5.7 10.2 -2.3 -2.4 11.2 -2.7 -2.8 12.2 -1.5 -1.6 13.3 0 0 14.3 1.2 1.3 15.4 1.5 1.6 16.4 1.8 1.9 17.4 0.7 0.7 18.5 3.2 3.3 20.6 4.5 4.7 22.6 7 7.3 23.7 6 6.3 Euglena gracilis Light 1000 lux 6 beginning of light pulse 2 to 3 time of expected dawn "Schnabel, G." Planta (Berl.) 81: 49-63 1968 rhythmic mobility of autotrophic cultures minimum random motility 23 DD except 20 min. test-light every 2 hrs 25 No transients were observed. "ct 0 is the time of expected dawn which corresponds to CT 6 on the original paper. Also, the original paper plotted all the phase-shifts as advances and ." plotted the end of the light pulse as the time of stimulus. These have been changed to the standard form. Autotrophic cultures are those in stationary growth phase. A Eg 6 0.2 7 6.8 1.2 8 7.7 2.2 8.6 8.3 3.1 9.5 9.2 5 9.8 9.5 6 -10.8 -10.5 7 -11 -10.7 7.9 -7.4 -7.2 8.9 -9.8 -9.5 9.8 -3.6 -3.5 10.8 -3.1 -3 11.8 -3.6 -3.5 12.7 -2.3 -2.2 13.7 -2 -1.9 14.6 -1.6 -1.6 15.6 -1.2 -1.2 16.6 -0.2 -0.2 17.5 1.4 1.4 18.5 3.5 3.4 19.4 3.3 3.2 20.4 1.8 1.7 21.4 5.5 5.3 22.3 6 5.8 Euglena gracilis Light 1000 lux 6 beginning of light pulse 2 to 3 time of expected dawn. "Schnabel, G." Planta (Berl.) 81: 49-63 1968 rhythmic mobility of mixotrophic cultures minimum random mobility 24.8 DD except 20min. test-light every 2 hrs 25 See previous PRC for further comments. Mixotrophic cultures are those that are actively growing. A Eg 7 0.6 2 1.6 2.1 0 0 2.2 2 1.6 5.7 -0.5 -0.4 5.8 0 0 6.6 0 0 10.5 -7 -5.6 13 -9 -7.2 15.2 -8.6 -6.9 15.3 -10.6 -8.5 15.4 -8 -6.4 15.4 -12 -9.6 17.3 -10 -8 17.8 -12 -9.6 18.6 14 11.2 18.6 -14 -11.2 19 13.5 10.8 19.4 10 8 19.4 -12.9 -10.3 19.8 12 9.6 20.2 14 11.2 20.2 12.6 10.1 21.7 7.9 6.3 23 3.4 2.7 Euglena gracilis (Z) Light 7500 lux-see comments 9 onset of light pulse 3 to 5 see comments Edmunds et al. Plant. Physiol. 70:297-302 1982 cell division onset of increase in cell number 30.2 +- 1.8 LD 3:3 (7500 lux) 25 ct 0 = phase-point of oscillation during free run which corresponds with dawn during an entraining LD 12:12 cycle. "Stimulus: the light pulse was administered as a 3-hr pulse which substituted for a 3-hr dark interval in the free running LD 3:3 cycle. Therefore, the cultures in effect " experienced a 9-hr light pulse (the original paper plotted the CT of the pulse as " the midpoint of a 3 hr pulse, so that the points of the original PRC are 4.5 hrs to the right of the plot here.)" "The LD 3:3 regimen used to elicit the ""free-running"" rhythm may itself affect the clock, as reflected by the long value of the period. The determination of phase ref and " the projection of the phase of the unperturbed control rhythm were sources of error which could distort the PRC The authors estimate that the coordinates of individual points could vary by CT +- 0.8 hr and phase change by +- 1.6 hr. Additional data points to this PRC which were not included in the original PRC were provided by the work of J. R. Malinowski. A Eg 8 0.7 -6.1 -5 3.3 -5.5 -4.8 3.7 -4.9 -4.3 4.6 -6.5 -5.7 5.9 0 0 6.9 0 0 7.3 -8.9 -7.8 8.6 0 0 9.1 0 0 11.5 0.8 0.7 13.6 4 3.5 14.5 0 0 14.9 0 0 16.2 1 0.8 19.4 -4.4 -3.8 19.7 -4 -3.4 22.9 -2 -1.7 Euglena gracilis (Z) Dark 0 lux-see comments 9 onset of 9-hr dark pulse 3 to 5 see comments to previous light pulse PRC "Malinowski, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished 1983 cell division onset of increase in cell number 27.7 +- 1.8 LD 3:3 (7500 lux) 25 "Stimulus: 9 hr dark pulse, created by excluding one 3 hr light period from the LD 3:3 lighting regime used to elicit free-running behavior." A Eg 9 4.8 0 0 9.8 0.4 0.3 13.4 4 3.4 15.1 8.1 6.9 16.8 10 8.6 20.2 6 5.1 Euglena gracilis (Z) Chem nitrogen during 3 hr dark period 3 onset of nitrogen pulse at least 5 see comments on previous (light) PRC "Goto, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished cell division onset of increase in cell number 28 LD 3:3 25 "The cells were cultured in 4 liters of medium in LL, followed by LD 3:3. Upon release into LD 3:3, the second phase ref occurred 49.4 +- 2.3 hrs after the onset of the initial dark period." A Eg 10 2.5 -7.2 -6.2 7.3 0.4 0.3 8.8 -5.5 -4.7 10 -4.8 -4.1 12.4 13 11.1 12.9 10.3 8.8 13.1 2.5 2.1 15.7 -1.8 -1.5 19.3 -3.7 -3.2 21 -4.7 -4 Euglena gracilis (Z) Chem NAD (0.5 mM) (during light period) 2 onset of NAD pulse at least 5 see comment on previous (light) PRC "Goto, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished cell division onset of increase in cell number 27.8 LD 3:3 25 "Protocol for drug pulses to Euglena, monitoring the cell division rhythm: the cells were cultured in 25 ml of medium in LL, followed by LD 3:3." "Upon release into LD 3:3, the second phase ref occurred 49.4 +- 2.3 hrs after the onset of the initial dark period." " The drugs were added into this 25 ml culture. At the end of the pulse, the drug concentration was diluted by transferring these 25 ml cultures into 4 liters of fresh " " medium, and cell number was monitored over a number of days until a new steady state was attained. This transfer protocol caused no phase shift in control cultures." "In addition to the drug PRCs included in the Atlas, these workers have also tested the impact of the following drugs on this circadian pacemaker: " "10 microM DCMU (no phase shifts), 10 mM sodium acetate (up to phase change" " = -8.7), 100 microM EGTA (up to phase change = -9.0), 20 microM W7 ( up to phase change = -12.5), and 2 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate (up to phase change = -7.2)." A Eg 11 1.9 -3.4 -3.2 7 -8 -7.2 12.4 -2.7 -2.3 16.9 1.4 1.1 19.8 12.4 11.4 22.2 7 5.8 Euglena gracilis Chem verapamil (10 microM)(during light period) 2 onset of drug pulse at least 5 see comment on previous (light) PRC "Goto, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished cell division onset of increase in cell number 27.9 LD 3:3 25 Protocol: see previous (NAD) PRC. A Eg 12 2.4 -7 -6.5 3.3 -5 -4.5 8.2 -1.7 -1.5 12.9 3.5 3.2 15.2 -4.6 -4 22.3 -7 -6.1 Euglena gracilis (Z) Chem theophylline(1 mM)(during dark period) 3 onset of drug pulse at least 5 see comment on previous (light) PRC "Goto, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished cell division onset of increase in cell number 26.9 LD 3:3 25 Protocol: see previous (NAD) PRC. A Eg 13 2 3.4 2.9 6.8 -6.7 -6.2 12.7 2.1 1.8 16.1 5.4 4.5 18.7 7.4 6.3 20.3 8.4 6.7 Euglena gracilis (Z) Chem chlorpromazine (50 microM)(during light period) 2.3 onset of drug pulse at least 5 see comment on previous (light) PRC "Goto, Laval-Martin and Edmunds" unpublished cell division onset of increase of cell number 28.2 LD 3:3 25 Protocol: see previous (NAD) PRC. A Gp 1 3.1 -0.5 -0.5 6.6 -0.2 -0.2 10.5 -2.1 -2 11.4 -3.1 -3 15.6 -2.2 -2 17.9 6.2 5.9 19.3 8.8 8.4 23 3.7 3.5 23.4 2.9 2.8 Gonyaulax polyedra Light 450 nm light most efficient 3 onset of light pulse usually 1 Beginning of the last light period preceding DD "Sweeney, B. M. " "Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants, p.43" 1969 stimulated bioluminescence maximum luminescence 25.2 none; DD 22 Few or no transients were observed. Light pulses were administered in the first cycle after LD release. "In all of Sweeney's original PRCs (except the 2 cycloheximide PRCs),the stimulus time is defined as the middle of the light or chemical pulse." "Additional ref: Hastings and Sweeney, Biol. Bull. 115: 440-458 (1958)." A Gp 2 0.3 2 1.9 5 0 0 9.1 -1.6 -1.5 12.3 -2.4 -2.3 13.7 -3.8 -3.6 14.7 -2.6 -2.5 15.6 10.4 9.8 17.9 11 10.5 20.2 7.2 6.8 Gonyaulax polyedra Light 450 nm light most efficient 3 onset of light pulse usually 1 Beginning of the light period preceding DD "Sweeney, B. M." "Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants, p. 43" 1969 spontaneous luminescent glow maximum glow 25.2 none; DD 22 Few or no transients were observed. Light pulses were administered in the first cycle after LD release. "Additional ref: Hastings, Chapter 11 in: Photophysiology, volume 1, pp. 333-361 (1964)." A Gp 3 2.3 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.1 0.1 5.2 -1 -1 5.5 -0.5 -0.5 7.8 -1.2 -1.1 8 -1.4 -1.3 11.1 -0.1 -0.1 11.3 -0.4 -0.4 13.7 0.2 0.2 14.1 0.8 0.8 16.7 3.8 3.6 17.4 4 3.8 19.7 2.3 2.2 20.2 1.7 1.6 23.3 0.7 0.7 23.5 1.3 1.2 Gonyaulax polyedra Light "10,600 lux light pulse to dim LL culture" 3 onset of light pulse 1 or 2 beginning of LL (700 lux) "Christianson, P. and B. M. Sweeney" Int. J. Chronobiol. 1: 95-100 1973 stimulated bioluminescence minimum luminescence 25-26.6 hrs in LL dim LL (700 lux) 23 Bright light pulses were administered in the second cycle after transfer to LL. A Gp 4 0.4 0.8 4.4 0 6.4 -0.7 8.5 -2 10.7 -2.1 11.9 -1 12.7 -0.8 13 0.8 14 5.6 15 7.2 16 7.4 17.3 6.9 18.2 5.8 19.1 4.2 20.3 4.2 22.3 2.4 Gonyaulax polyedra Light 175 microE/(m*m*sec)(cool blue fluorescent) (see comments) 4 onset of pulse 6-10 (extrapolated) 1 circadian hr after glow peak "Johnson, C.H. and J.W. Hastings" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:417-437 1989 Bioluminescent glow Peak of glow 22.8 White LL (see comments) 19-20 Background illumination = cool-white fluorescence light (19 microE/(m*m*sec)). Stimulus = 4-hr pulse of blue fluorescence light (175 microE/(m*m*sec)). Bright cool-white fluorescence light gives comparable results. A Gp 5 0 1.4 0.6 2.2 1.8 1.2 2.4 0.7 4.2 0.5 5.7 0.8 6.2 -1.3 7.9 -1.2 9.7 -1.8 11.3 -1.6 11.9 -0.5 12.8 -0.4 13.6 -1.6 13.7 13.4 14.1 -1.8 14.5 12.4 15.4 10.6 16.3 10.4 17.2 9.1 18.1 7.6 19.2 6.8 20.1 5.5 20.9 4.4 22.2 4.9 22.8 3.8 Gonyaulax polyedra Light 175 microE/(m*m*sec)(cool blue fluorescent) (see comments) 4 onset of pulse 6-10 (extrapolated) 1 circadian hr after glow peak "Johnson, C.H. and J.W. Hastings" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:417-437 1989 Bioluminescent glow Peak of glow 25.4 Red LL (see comments) 19-20 Background illumination = red fluorescence light (28 microE/(m*m*sec)). Stimulus = 4-hr pulse of blue fluorescence light (175 microE/(m*m*sec)). Bright cool-white fluorescence light gives comparable results. The PRC for cells in red LL has also been measured at 16C and 25C (see original publication for data. " As compared with this PRC at 19-20C, the PRC at 25C is essentially identical, the PRC at at 16C is very similar-" the only significant difference between the 16C and 19-20C PRCs is that the 16C PRC has delay phase shifts of larger magnitude. A Gp 6 2 -5.5 -5.2 8 7.5 7.1 17 -2 -1.9 20 -3 -2.8 23 -3.5 -3.3 Gonyaulax polyedra Dark 125->0->125 fc 6 beginning of dark pulse ? - probably zero to 3 1 circadian hr after maximum luminescent glow Karakashian and Schweiger Expt. Cell Research 97: 366-377 1976 spontaneous bio-luminescent glow maximum glow about 25 "LL, 125 f.c." 21 "Maximum glow occurs at CT 23 in LD, so CT 0 is 1 circadian hr after maximum glow." A Gp 7 0 -2.8 -2.9 1 -1.7 -1.7 3 3.7 3.8 4 3.4 3.5 5 3.5 3.6 6 3.3 3.4 7 4 4.1 9 7.6 7.8 14 3.6 3.7 16 0 0 18 -0.4 -0.4 20 -1.7 -1.7 22 -2.8 -2.9 Gonyaulax polyedra Dark 35 -> 0 -> 35 microE/(m*m*s) 4 onset of dark pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Broda et al J. Biol Rhythms 1:251-263 1986 Bioluminescent glow Peak of glow 23.5 DimLL 35 microE/(m*m*s) 19 See previous PRCs from Hastings lab (esp. the 0.4 microM cycloheximide PRC). A Gp 8 0 4.3 4.1 6 2.9 2.8 12 7.8 7.4 18 7.8 7.4 24 4.3 4.1 Gonyaulax polyedra Light ultraviolet light pulse (150 ergs/(cm*cm*sec)(4 min.) -98% of light was 254 nm) 0.07 time of 4 min. UV pulse 3 to 4 beginning of LL (50 foot candles) "Sweeney, B. M." Plant Physiol. 38(6) : 704-708 1963 stimulated bio-luminescence maximum luminescence about 25 LL (50 foot candles) 20 "Sweeney's paper shows 2 UV PRCs from different days (7/9/59 and 7/27/59). The amplitude of the 7/27 PRC is almost half that of the 7/9 PRC. Other than the PRC graph, Sweeney doesn't " mention or discuss the discrepancy. This discrepancy has therefore been treated as experimental variation and the data averaged together. UV pulses were administered during the first cycle after LD release. A Gp 9 1 1.8 1.7 5.5 0.1 0.1 8 -2.9 -2.8 12 -2.7 -2.6 16 1.8 1.7 20 3.1 2.9 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem ethanol (0.1%) exposure to media 4 beginning of ethanol pulse 2 to 3 beginning of the last LD cycle before transfer to LL "Sweeney, B. M." Plant Physiol. 53: 337-342 1974 stimulated bio-luminescence maximum luminescence 25 "LL, 60-75 f.c." 22 Cells were removed from ethanol media by centrifugation and resuspension into standard media. Control centrifugations did not affect the rhythm. "Also see Taylor et al, J. comp. Physiol. 130: 355-358 (1979)" A Gp 10 1 -2.8 -2.7 5.5 0.1 0.1 8 3.1 2.9 12 3.1 2.9 16 -2.4 -2.3 20 -3 -2.8 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem valinomycin (0.1 Micro g/ml) exposure plus 0.1% ethanol) 4 beginning of chemical pulse 2 or 3 beginning of the LD cycle prior to transfer to LL "Sweeney, B. M." Plant Physiol. 53: 337-342 1974 stimulated bio-luminescence maximum luminescence about 25 "LL, 60-75 f.c." 22 Cells were removed from valinomycin-ethanol media by centrifugation and resuspended in standard media. Control centrifugations did not affect the rhythm. "Valinomycin was dissolved in ethanol (see previous PRC), which also causes phase shifts. " Ethanol's effect has been subtracted from the raw data to yield the PRC. A PRC obtained with valinomycin dissolved in acetone "(see next PRC) is similar to this PRC, which suggests that the effect seen in this PRC is due solely to the valinomycin, since acetone does not itself cause phase shifts." A Gp 11 3 1 0.9 6 2.5 2.4 10 1.6 1.6 18 -2.8 -2.7 20 0.3 0.3 22 -1.4 -1.3 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem valinomycin (0.2 microM) exposure dissolved in acetone (0.1%) 4 beginning of chemical pulse 2 to 3 ? beginning of final LD cycle prior to transfer to LL "Sweeney, B. M. and J. Herz" In: 12th Int. Conf. Proc. Int. Soc. Chronobiology 1977 stimulated bio-luminescence maximum luminescence about 25 "LL, 580 lux" 20-21 Some of the points are 0.2 microM valinomycin only and others are 0.2 microM valinomycin plus 50 mM additional K+. All the points follow the same basic curve except the additional K+ points extend the delay peak slightly. Sweeney has previously stated (Plant Physiol. 53: p. 337; 1974) that raising K+ concentration does not phase shift or otherwise affect the rhythm. "Thus, the valinomycin plus 50 microM K+ points have been averaged with the valinomycin-only points." 0.1% acetone alone does not cause phase shifts. A Gp 12 0 -1.8 -1.7 1 -2.6 -2.5 4.5 0.7 0.7 18 0 0 24 -1.8 -1.7 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenl-hydrazone (CCmP) (50 microM) exposure 4 beginning of chemical pulse 3 beginning of final LD cycle prior to transfer to LL "Sweeney, B. M. and J. Herz" In: 12th Int. Conf. Proc. Int. Soc. Chronobiology 1977 stimulated bio-luminescence maximum luminescence about 25 "LL, 580 lux" 20-21 The advance of this PRC (at CT 4.5) are not likely to be significant. A Gp 13 1 4.3 4.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 3 1 1 4 0.9 0.9 5 0.5 0.5 6 -0.9 -0.9 7 -1.5 -1.6 8 -1.4 -1.5 9.2 -0.9 -0.9 10.5 -1 -1 12.7 -2.6 -2.7 15 -6.5 -6.8 16.5 -7.2 -7.5 18 -9.7 -10.1 19 12.5 13 20 10.7 11.1 20.9 9.8 10.2 22.7 6.5 6.8 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (0.36 microM) 3 beginning of drug pulse 3 "extrapolation of ""lights-on"" of previous LD (see below)" "Walz, B. and B. M. Sweeney" PNAS 76: 6443-6447 1979 acid-stimulated bioluminescence maximum luminescence 23 dim LL (0.5 mW/(cm*cm)) 21 "Cells were released to LL from LD 12:12. Three days later, drug pulses were administered. Ct 0 is therefore the extrapolated ""lights-on"" of the previous LD, normalized to a period of 23.0 hrs. " "The original PRC did not normalize CT 0 for the 3-day LL free run, so CT 3 of this PRC corresponds to phase 0 of the original PRC." "The magnitude of the phase shift does not increase in proportion to the concentration of cycloheximide or the duration of the pulse, but shows 2 ""steps"" well separated from each other." A Gp 14 1 3.8 4 2.7 2.5 2.6 5.2 0 0 6 1 1 7 -0.9 -0.9 8 -1.4 -1.5 10.5 -1.5 -1.6 12.7 -3 -3.1 15 -6.5 -6.8 16.5 -7.8 -8.1 18 -9.7 -10.1 19 12.5 13 20 10.4 10.9 20.9 9.7 10.1 22.7 6.8 7.1 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (3.6 microM) 3 beginning of drug pulse 3 "extrapolation of ""lights-on"" of previous LD" "Walz, B. and B. M. Sweeney" PNAS 76: 6443-6447 1979 acid-stimulated bioluminescence maximum luminescence 23 dim LL (0.5 mW/(cm*cm)) 21 See previous PRC A Gp 15 1.3 -0.3 -0.3 3.9 -0.1 -0.1 6.7 -1.6 -1.7 8.7 -1 -1.1 11.4 -1.4 -1.5 13.6 -7 -7.4 15.1 -3.3 -3.5 16.1 4 4.2 17.7 1.4 1.5 19.8 1.6 1.7 22.5 -0.4 -0.4 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (0.4 microM) 0.5 beginning of drug pulse 1 to 3 cycles (see below) 1 circadian hr after the peak of glow (see comments) "Dunlap, Taylor and Hastings" J. comp. Physiol. 138: 1-8 1980 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 22.6 hrs under the following condition dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 19 "The glow peak equals CT 23, since it occurs 1 hr before ""lights-on"" in LD." Cycloheximide was dissolved fresh just before each use. The drug was removed at the end of the pulse by centrifugation and resuspension. Phase-shifts caused by cycloheximide were always compared to centrifuged controls. The drug was administered in the first cycle after transfer from LD to LL. Transients were observed in the first 2 cycles after large phase advances; few or no transients were observed after delays or small advances (< 4 hrs). "Large advances could be distinguished from large delays by decreasing the drug concentration - advances then became smaller advances, not smaller delays." "Cells were transferred to LL at CT 0 (12 hrs. after ""lights-off"" of previous LD 12:12). The reported phase-shifts are the average of 3-5 cycles " that were observed after the phase shift appeared to have reached steady state. "Where analyzed (delays), the phase shift is linear with the log of the product of pulse duration strength." A Gp 16 0.4 -0.6 -0.6 4.5 -1.5 -1.6 7 -2.5 -2.6 12.2 -5.5 -5.8 14 -7.7 -8.2 15.4 -10 -10.6 17.1 5.8 6.1 17.8 3.5 3.7 19 5.2 5.5 20.2 4.2 4.5 21.1 3.4 3.6 22.9 1 1.1 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (1.0 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 1 to 3 cycles 1 circadian hr after glow peak "Dunlap, Taylor and Hastings" J. comp. Physiol. 138: 1-8 1980 Bioluminescent glow peak of glow 22.6 hrs. under the following cond. dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 19 See previous PRC More recent experiments at this temperature with 2 hr pulses of 5 microM cycloheximide " has generated a PRC which is similar to this 1 hr, 1 microM CHX PRC, except the magnitude of phase shifts is greater " "(12.5 hr delays, 9.5 hr advances) and the ""break point"" is a little earlier. Also, the more recent work indicates that the CHX PRC is" the same in the first and second cycles after the release into LL (see J. exp. Biol. 97: 121-136 (1982). A Gp 17 0 -1.2 -1.2 2.6 -0.6 -0.6 12.3 -3.3 -3.4 12.6 -3.3 -3.4 14 -6 -6.2 16.1 2.2 2.3 18.2 0.2 0.2 20.3 0.4 0.4 24 -1.2 -1.3 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (5.0 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 to 4 1 circadian hr after glow peak "Dunlap, Taylor and Hastings" J. comp. Physiol. 138: 1-8 1980 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.0 hrs under these conditions dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 24 See previous PRCs A Gp 18 0 -1.8 -1.9 2.6 -2.3 -2.4 9.9 -5.4 -5.6 12.3 -5.4 -5.6 12.6 -5.9 -6.1 14 -9 -9.4 16.1 6.7 7 18.2 2.3 2.4 20.3 0.3 0.3 24 -1.8 -1.9 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem cycloheximide (10.0 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 to 4 1 circadian hr after glow peak "Dunlap, Taylor and Hastings" J. comp. Physiol. 138: 1-8 1980 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.0 hrs under these conditions dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 24 See previous PRCs A Gp 19 0 -0.3 -0.3 1 -0.4 -0.4 2.6 0.2 0.2 5.6 0.2 0.2 7.1 -0.2 -0.2 8.7 -1 -1 10.2 -0.4 -0.4 11.7 -0.8 -0.8 13.4 -0.4 -0.4 14.8 0.8 0.8 16.4 1.3 1.3 17.8 1.4 1.4 19.5 0.2 0.2 21 0.1 0.1 22.5 -0.2 -0.2 24 -0.3 -0.3 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem anisomycin (0.1 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Taylor et al. J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/m*m sec) 19 "See previous drug PRCs from Hastings' lab for protocol (e.g., 0.4 microM cycloheximide PRC). This and the following anisomycin PRCs test the phase shifting ." " effect of different anisomycin concentrations. Increasing the drug concentration first transforms a ""Type-1"" PRC into a ""Type-0"" PRC, as with cycloheximide. " " Further increases of anisomycin concentration, however, cause drastic shifts in the PRC's break point and subjective-day phases or splitting of the glow peaks or suppression of the rhythm for " 3 or more cycles. This group's analysis of anisomycin phase shifting has included #D plotting of the phase shifting vs. concentration data. This 3-D plot depicts a region of extreme instability for 1 hr pulses of 0.1-0.3 microM anisomycin administered at CT12. " They interpret these results as indicative that a ""singularity"" point exists in Gonyaulax clock for anisomycin pulses (see also Taylor, Dunlap and Hastings, 1982, J. Exp. Biol. 97:121-136). " Also Taylor and Hastings have shown that even 1 min pulses of 5 microM anisomycin yield type-0 PRCs with " up to 12 hr phase shifts (see Naturwiss. 69: S.94, 1982). Finally, the anisomycin PRC has been shown to be temperature dependent-see Broda et al 1989. " A Gp 20 0.1 -2.5 -2.6 1 -2.2 -2.2 2.6 -1.7 -1.7 4.1 -2.2 -2.2 5.6 -2.4 -2.4 7.1 -5 -5.1 10.2 -8.5 -8.6 11.7 -10.7 -10.9 13.4 7.7 7.9 14.8 5.4 5.5 16.4 1.6 1.6 17.8 -2 -2 19.5 0.8 0.8 21 0.8 0.8 22.5 -1.2 -1.2 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem anisomycin (0.3 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Taylor et al. J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/m*m sec) 19 See 0.1 microM anisomycin PRC A Gp 21 0 -4.5 -4.6 1 -4 -4.1 2.6 -4.7 -4.8 4.1 -5.3 -5.4 5.6 -6.1 -6.2 7.1 -6.6 -6.7 8.7 -8.3 -8.5 10.2 -11.1 -11.5 11.7 9.7 9.9 13.3 7.4 7.5 14.8 4 4.1 16.4 1.4 1.4 17.8 -1.5 -1.5 19.5 -0.3 -0.3 20.9 0.8 0.8 22.5 -8.5 -8.7 24 -4.5 -4.6 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem anisomycin (0.5 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Taylor et al. J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/m*m sec) 19 See 0.1 microM anisomycin PRC A Gp 22 0 -7.5 -7.6 1 -7.7 -7.9 2.6 -9.8 -10 4.1 -8.3 -8.5 5.6 -7.8 -8 7.1 -9.1 -9.3 8.7 8.6 8.8 10.2 5.4 5.5 11.7 4.4 4.5 13.3 2.3 2.3 14.8 0.4 0.4 16.4 2 2 19.4 -4 -4.1 20.9 -4.2 -4.3 24 -7.5 -7.6 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem anisomycin (0.8 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Taylor et al. J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/m*m sec) 19 See 0.1 microM anisomycin PRC A Gp 23 0 4.5 4.6 1 5.3 5.4 3.1 -1.5 -1.5 5.1 0.4 0.4 7.1 -1.8 -1.8 8.7 -3.9 -4 10.2 -7.7 -7.9 11.7 -7.5 -7.7 13.3 -7.3 -7.5 14.8 -8.9 -9.1 16.4 -8 -8.2 17.8 -11.1 -11.5 19.4 11.8 12 21 10 10.2 24 4.5 4.6 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem anisomycin (2 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulse 3 1 circadian hr after glow peak Taylor et al. J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/m*m sec) 19 See 0.1 microM anisomycin PRC A Gp 24 2.1 -3.2 -3.3 3.7 -3.6 -3.7 5.2 -3.7 -3.8 6.1 -4.6 -4.7 7.2 -4.7 -4.8 8.2 -6.3 -6.4 9.3 -6.8 -6.9 10.2 -7.7 -7.9 11.2 -9.3 -9.5 12.2 -10 -10.2 12.8 8 8.2 13.3 7.7 7.9 13.9 7.6 7.8 14.4 6.2 6.3 15.3 3.2 3.3 16.4 2.6 2.7 17.4 1.5 1.5 18.6 0.7 0.7 20 -1.3 -1.3 21.5 -1.7 -1.7 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem streptimidone (30 microM) 1 beginning of drug pulses 3 1 circadian hr after the glow peak "Taylor, Dunlap and Hastings" J. exp. Biol. 97: 121-136 1982 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 23.5 dim LL (35 microE/(m*m*sec)) 19 See previous PRCs "As with anisomycin, increasing the concentration of streptimidone (with 4 hr pulses at 1-100 microM)" " progressively shifts the PRC ""break point"" to earlier phases (see J. comp. Physiol. 148: 11-25, 1982)." A Gp 25 0.5 -4.7 -5.3 1.6 -5.9 -6.8 2.9 -5.7 -6.5 3.6 -5.1 -5.8 4.9 -5.9 -6.8 6.3 -7.5 -8.5 7.2 -7.4 -8.5 9.7 -9.9 -11.3 11.6 6.1 6.9 12.7 12.3 14.1 13.6 11 12.6 14.5 8.3 9.5 14.9 4.1 4.6 17 2 2.3 18.2 0 0 18.9 0 0 19.8 0 0 20.8 -0.5 -0.6 22.2 -0.7 -0.8 23.2 -4.9 -5.6 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem acetaldehyde (18 mM) 2 beginning of pulse 2 to 4 see below Taylor and Hastings J. comp. Physiol. 130: 359-362 1979 Bioluminescent glow peak of glow 21 dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 19 "ct 0 is defined as the extrapolated ""lights-on"" of the previous LD 12:12, which is the same as the time of transfer to LL." A Gp 26 1.6 -1.2 -1.3 5.9 -2.9 -3.1 10.1 -3.9 -4.2 12.9 -1.4 -1.5 17.1 -0.6 -0.6 21.4 -0.5 -0.6 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem carbonyl cyanide chlorphenylhydrazone (CCCP) (0.05 microM) 4 beginning of pulse 2 to 4 "Extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 12:12 (also LL onset)" "Taylor, Walter" "Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan" 1979 Bioluminescent glow peak of glow 22.6 dim LL (22 microE/(m*m*sec)) 19 A Gp 27 2 1 1 5 -1 -1 8 1 1 11 -1 -1 14 2 2.1 17 4 4.2 20 3 3.1 23 2 2.1 Gonyaulax polyedra Chem quinidine (50 microM) 4 beginning of pulse 3 1 circadian hr after phase ref (see below) Balzer and Hardeland J. Inter. Cycle Res. 12: 29-34 1981 bioluminescent glow maximum of glow "not stated, probably about 23 " LL 20 "On the author's scale, time ""0"" corresponds to 13 hrs after transfer of Gonyaulax cultures to LL. This transfer was performed at CT 0, so time ""0"" on the authors' PRC equals CT 13." A Gp 28 3.5 -1.2 -1.3 7.5 -2 -2.1 12 -2.3 -2.5 16.8 -2 -2.1 18.9 2.1 2.2 23.1 0.4 0.4 Gonyaulax polyedra Temp 20 C ->11.5 C -> 20 C 3 onset of temperature pulse 2 1 circadian hr after phase ref "Njus, McMurry and Hastings" J. Comp. Physiol. 117:335-344 1977 bioluminescent glow peak of glow 22.4 dim LL (110 ft. -c) 20 A Pb 1 4 -2.5 -2.6 10 -3 -3.1 16.5 -5 -5.2 22 -3.8 -4 Paramecium bursaria Chem ultraviolet irradiation (50 ergs/(mm*mm*sec))(90 sec) from germicidal lamp 0.025 time of light pulse 2 to 5 beginning of last seen LD cycle "Ehret, Charles" "In: Photoper. and Related Phen. in Plants and Animals, p. 541" 1959 Sexual reactivity; i.e. mass agglutination for conjugation maximum agglutination 23 none; in DD 25 The UV induced phase shift may be completely negated by irradiating with fluorescent lights (420 ft-c for 1 hr) soon after the UV pulse. A Pb 2 4 -3.5 -3.6 10 -4 -4.2 16.5 -8.5 -8.8 22 -7.1 -7.4 Paramecium bursaria Chem ultraviolet irradiation (50 ergs/(mm*mm*sec))(120 sec) from germicidal lamp 0.033 time of light pulse 2 to 5 beginning of last seen LD cycle "Ehret, Charles" "In: Photoper. and Related Phen. in Plants and Animals, p. 541" 1959 sexual reactivity; i.e. mass agglutination for conjugation maximum agglutination 23 none: in DD 25 See comment on previous PRC. A Pb 3 0 2.9 2 1.1 4 0.7 6 -0.5 8 0 10 -5.7 11.9 -4.7 12 -6.7 13.9 -5.2 14 -5.9 14.9 -5 15 -7.2 15.9 -4.8 16 -5.3 16.9 -5 18 9.7 18.9 7.3 19.9 7.5 20 7.3 20.9 6.9 21 7.9 22 7.5 22.9 4.5 24 2.9 Paramecium bursaria (Mit-B) Light 5000 lux cool-white fluorescence (see below) 4 onset of pulse 6-10 (extrapolated) 12 circadian hrs after dusk of final LD 12:12 cycle "Johnson, C.H., I. Miwa, T. Kondo, and J.W. Hastings" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:405-415 1989 Photoaccumulation Peak or trough of photoaccumulation 25 DD 20-22 "Cells: Paramecium bursaria (Mit-B) collected in Mito, Japan by Dr. Isoji Miwa. These cells have intracellular symbiotic algae." Stimulus: 4 hr pulse of cool white fluorescence light (5000 lux about 1600 microW/(cm*cm). "When 6-hr light pulses are administered, the magnitude of phase shifting is increased (especially the delays)." A Pb 4 0 3.8 1 2.9 2 3.4 4 1.4 8 -0.9 10 -2.1 12 -1.9 13 -0.4 15 -0.7 16 -1.3 17 3 18 1.9 19 4.5 20 3.6 21 5.5 22 4.1 23 4.9 24 3.8 Paramecium bursaria (Mit-B) Light 5000 lux cool-white fluorescence (see below) 4 onset of pulse 6-10 (extrapolated) onset of LL (see comments) "Johnson, C.H., I. Miwa, T. Kondo, and J.W. Hastings" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:405-415 1989 Photoaccumulation Peak or trough of photoaccumulation 25.9 LL(190microW/(cm*cm) 20-22 Def. of CT0: cells were grown in LD or LL prior to the experiment. Cells grown in LL were given a 12 hr dark pulse to synchronize the cells within the population. "At the end of the dark pulse, cells were placed into LL (190 microW/(cm*cm)." " Cells grown in LD 12:12 were placed in LL at the end of the final dark period. In both cases, the onset of LL is taken as CT0 (subjective dawn)" Stimulus = 4-hr pulse of cool white florescence light (5000 lux-about 1600 microW/(cm*cm) A Pb 5 0 -9 3 -9 6 9 9 6 12 3 15 0 18 -3 21 -3 24 -9 Paramecium bursaria (Mit-C) Dark 1000->0->1000 lux 9 onset of dark pulse 1 13.5 circadian hrs before phase ref (see below) "Miwa,I., H. Nagatoshi and T. Horie." J. Biol. Rhythms 2:57-64 1987 Rhythm of mating reactivity in single cells (see below) Avgd. term. of mating reaction (see below) about 24 LL (1000 Lux) 25 "Mating reaction was measured on single cells by adding one cell of mating type Mit-C with 100 ""tester"" cells of mating type Mit-B. " The Mit-C cell was allowed to react with the Mit-B cells for 5 mins and then it was reisolated. "For each of the 8 circadian phases assayed and the control, 21 single cells were monitored (therefore,189 cells total) for 60 hrs" Mating reaction occurs during the subjective daytime and no reaction occurs during the subjective night. "For each phase, the times at which the mating reactivity ended for each of the 21 cells were averaged and used as the phase ref point for the rhythm." "In an LD 12:12 cycle, this phase ref point occurs at CT 13.5." Therefore CT0 occurs 13.5 hrs before the phase ref.. The cells used in this experiment had been free running in LL for 2 weeks prior to the experiment and were selected from a larger population (about 700 cells) to have the same phase. A Pb 6 0 -3.4 1.5 -3 3 -1.5 4.5 -0.5 6 -0.7 7.5 3.1 9 2.9 10.5 2.9 11.9 3.3 12 2.2 14 0.9 16 0 18 -0.7 20 -2.5 22 -3.6 24 -3.4 Paramecium bursaria (Mit-B) Dark 190->0->190microW/(cm*cm) 6 onset of dark pulse 6-10 (extrapolated) onset of LL (see comments) "Johnson, C.H., I. Miwa, T. Kondo, and J.W. Hastings" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:405-415 1989 Photoaccumulation Peak or trough of photoaccumulation 25.9 LL:190microW/(cm*cm) 20-22 Def. of CT0: Same as for light PRC of paramecium bursia cells in LL. A Pm 1 0 1.1 1.1 2 0.9 0.9 4 -0.5 -0.5 6 -1 -1 8 -2.6 -2.6 10 -4.3 -4.3 12 -3.9 -3.9 14 -5.3 -5.3 16 -5.7 -5.7 18 5.4 5.4 20 5 5 22 2.7 2.7 23.5 1.4 1.4 Paramecium multimicronucleatum Light 1000 lux 2 onset of light pulse 31445 24 circadian hrs after the final dawn of LD 12:12 cycle "Hasegawa,K. and A. Tanakadate" J. Biol. Rhythms 2:269-278 1987 """Traverse frequency"" (see comments)" Minimum traverse frequency 24.1 DD 20 Rhythm assayed: frequency at which the cells swam through an infrared light beam (1.0 mm diam.) which was directed through the culture. This is essentially a measure of the motility of the culture. B Oc 1 1 -7.5 4 -6 7 -5 13 -3.7 19 -2.9 22 0 Oedogonium cardiacum Temp 25->0->25 C 6 beginning of cold pulse 2 4 hrs before maximum spore release "Ruddat, M." Z. Bot. 49: 23-46 1961 sporulation (spore ejection) maximum spore release not given LL; 900 lux 25 B Oc 2 1 -5 4 -5 7 -3 13 1.5 14.5 0 17.5 -2.7 19 -3.5 20.5 -4 22 -6.5 Oedogonium cardiacum Temp 25-> -5 ->25 C 6 beginning of cold pulse 2 4 hrs before maximum spore release "Ruddat, M." Z. Bot. 49: 23-46 1961 sporulation (spore ejection) maximum spore release not given LL; 900 lux 25 B Oc 3 1 -5 10 7 13 4 16 0 19 -7.5 22 -3 Oedogonium cardiacum Temp 25->0->25 C 12 beginning of cold pulse 2 4 hrs before maximum spore release "Ruddat, M." Z. Bot. 49: 23-46 1961 sporulation (spore ejection) maximum spore release not given LL; 900 lux 25 C Nc 1 1 5.8 6.3 2 7.7 8.4 3.3 6 6.5 4.5 5 5.4 6.7 2.8 3.1 8 2.5 2.7 9 2.6 2.8 10 0.8 0.9 11 2 2.2 13 0.2 0.2 14.5 -0.6 -0.7 15.4 0.7 0.8 16 -5 -5.4 17.5 -1.8 -2 18.3 -3.6 -3.8 19.3 -3.6 -3.9 20.4 -0.4 -0.4 21.5 -1 -1.1 22.3 10.5 11.5 23.5 7.1 7.7 22.3 -7 -7.6 22.3 1 1.1 22.3 10.5 11.4 23.5 7.1 7.7 Neurospora crassa (timex mutant) Light 1430 FtC from fluorescent lights (45 min) 0.75 beginning of light pulse 1 midpoint of conidiation bands Sargent and Briggs Plant Physiol. 42: 1504-1510 1967 conidiation midpoint of conidial bands about 22 DD 29 "Sargent and Briggs arbitrarily set the midpoint of the conidiation band as CT 8; Dharmananda and Feldman, however, define the center of the conidial bands " "ct 0 since their first DD bands occur 12.9 hrs after LL - DD. In the interests of standardizing the Neurospora PRCs, the CT 0 Def. of Dharmananda and Feldman is used here. " "Therefore, 8 hrs are subtracted from each ""time of light pulse"" in Sargent and Briggs'" data. Also see the comments on Francis and Sargent's 5 degree C temperature step-up PRC. Very minor transients were observed only on the first day after light pulse. Light pulses were administered after 6 cycles in DD. C Nc 2 0.4 8.2 1.6 6.7 3.1 5.5 5.3 2.6 6.7 1.9 8.4 0.9 9.6 3.1 10.8 0.6 12.5 1.9 13 -0.7 14 2.4 16.1 0 17.5 -0.7 18.2 1.7 19.5 2.4 20.4 4.3 21.6 3.1 22.5 5.8 23.5 9.6 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Light "ultraviolet pulse (total dose-810 ergs/(mm*mm); ""nearly pure 254 nm"")(5 min. )" 0.08 time of UV pulse 1 midpoint of conidiation band "West, D.J." Neurospora Newsletter 23:17-18 1976 conidiation bands midpoint of conidial band 22.5 dim red light 25 "West defines CT 22 = midpoint of conidial band. However, here the midpoint of the band is defined as CT 0." Fungi were grown in quartz tubes to avoid glass interference to UV light. Light pulses were administered in the third cycle after transfer from LL to dim red LL. C Nc 3 0.4 6.6 7.2 3.7 3.8 4.1 5 1.9 2.1 6 3.4 3.7 7.1 -0.3 -0.3 8.3 0.1 0.1 10.8 -1 -1.1 13 -1.9 -2.1 15.5 -0.1 -0.1 19 14.7 16 20 11.9 13 22.2 9 9.8 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Temp 25.5->30.5 C (step up) time of step-up 4 center of conidial band (see comments) Francis and Sargent Plant Physiology 64: 1000-1004 1979 circadian conidiation center of conidial band 22.1 hrs at 25 degrees C None; in DD "25.5 degrees C before step-up, 30.5 degrees after step-up" "Francis and Sargent defined the center of the conidial band as CT 22; consistent with the Def. used in all other Neurospora PRCs, " "however, the conidial band center is here taken as CT 0. Two circadian hrs were" therefore added to each of Francis' and Sargent's circadian times on the abscissa. See below. Few or no transients were observed. Temperature pulses were administered during steady- state free-run - 5 days after the LL to DD transition. Def. of CT0: the first band after an L to D transition occurs about 10 hrs after DD onset for Sargent's lab and about 12 hrs after DD onset in Feldman's lab. "The difference is probably related to the difference in their preferred media: Sargent's lab uses ""glucose-arginine"" media, whereas Feldman's lab uses ""acetate-casamino acids"" media." The decision to use Feldman's Def. of CT0 for the Atlas standard was purely arbitrary and was simply based on the fact that Feldman's lab has contributed more PRCs to the Atlas. C Nc 4 0.6 2 2.2 2.8 1.3 1.4 3.7 -0.7 -0.8 5.3 -1.5 -1.6 6 -3.3 -3.6 7.5 -4.8 -5.2 10.5 -2.6 -2.8 13 -5.3 -5.8 18.2 -12.6 -13.7 20 -14.7 -16 22 4.2 4.6 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Temp 30.5->25.5 (step down) time of step-down 4 center of conidial band (see previous PRC's comments) Francis and Sargent Plant Physiology 64: 1000-1004 1979 circadian conidiation center of conidial band 22.1 hrs at 25 degrees C None; in DD "30.5 degrees C before step-down, 25.5 degrees C after step- down" Few or no transients were observed See previous PRC. C Nc 5 1.7 4.9 5.3 2.9 1.5 1.6 4.2 -0.3 -0.3 5.4 0.3 0.3 6.5 -0.6 -0.7 7.5 -1.1 -1.2 9.8 -1.4 -1.5 12.2 -1.6 -1.7 14.4 -2.4 -2.6 16.8 -5.2 -5.7 18.9 14.5 15.8 21.3 11 12 23.5 6.1 6.6 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Temp 25.5 -> 30.5 -> 25.5 C (5 C pulse up) 6 beginning of temperature pulse 4 center of conidial band ( see previous PRC's comments) Francis and Sargent Plant Physiology 64: 1000-1004 1979 circadian conidiation center of conidial band 22.1 None; in DD 25.5 Few or no transients were observed. "Temperature ""pulse-ups"" of 10 and 15 degree C caused increasingly larger delay phase shifts than the 5 degree C ""pulse-downs"" caused. This conclusion was not for advance phase shifts." "For a 5 degree C ""pulse-up"" of various durations, the resulting delay phase shift was maximal for 5-10 hr pulses. Pulse lengths of 1 to 3 hrs were progressively less." "Thus, a 5 hr pulse is saturating for a 5 C ""pulse-up"". See previous PRC." C Nc 6 2.3 -4.2 -4.6 3.5 -5.5 -6 4.6 -4.2 -4.6 5.8 -5.4 -5.9 7 -6.4 -7 7.5 2.8 3.1 10.2 4.2 4.6 12.4 4.6 5 14.8 1.3 1.4 17.5 0.8 0.9 19.6 0.6 0.7 21.6 -1 -1.1 23.8 -3.6 -3.9 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Temp 25.5 -> 20.5 -> 25.5 C 6 beginning of temperature pulse 4 center of conidial band ( see previous PRC's comments) Francis and Sargent Plant Physiology 64: 1000-1004 1979 circadian conidiation center of conidial band 22.1 None; in DD 25.5 Few or no transients were observed. "Temperature ""pulse-downs"" 10 to 15 degrees C caused increasingly larger phase shifts, both delays and advances, than the 5 degree C ""pulse-down"" caused." "For a 5 degree C ""pulse-down"" of various durations, the resulting delay was increasingly larger for longer pulses (2-8 hrs). The ""delay"" vs. ""pulse duration"" plot was linear." See previous PRC. C Nc 7 1 1.6 1.8 4 0.4 0.4 8 -0.9 -1 11 -4.9 -5.2 15 -5.2 -5.5 18 -9.4 -10.5 21 4.8 5.4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Temp 26->35->26 C 3 onset of temp pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 18:1-8 1987 conidiation center of conidial band 21.5 +- 0.2 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 8 0 2 1.7 3 -0.5 -0.4 9 -1.3 -1.1 11 -3.5 -3 14 -4.1 -3.6 17 -4.7 -4.1 19 -9.9 -8.6 21 8.4 7.3 Neurospora crassa (frq-7a) Temp 26->35->26 C 3 onset of temp pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 18:1-8 1987 conidiation center of conidial band 27.7 +- 0.3 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. Cells: Frq-7A C Nc 9 1 -4.7 -5.2 4 -5.3 -5.9 8 -5.4 -6 11 -7.2 -8 15 7.2 8 18 2.7 3 21 -0.4 -0.4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Temp 26->15-26 C 3 onset of temp pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 18:1-8 1987 conidiation center of conidial band 21.5 +- 0.2 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 10 0 -2.7 -2.3 3 -2.7 -2.3 9 0.1 0.1 11 -0.1 0.1 14 1.3 1.1 17 9.3 8.1 19 4.8 4.2 21 -0.4 -0.3 Neurospora crassa (frq-7a) Temp 26->15->26 C 3 onset of temp pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 18:1-8 1987 conidiation center of conidial band 27.7 +- 0.3 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. Cells: Frq-7A C Nc 11 2.6 0.9 1 5 -0.6 -0.7 7.2 -1.7 -1.9 9.2 -2.7 -3 11.2 -4.3 -4.8 13.6 -5.5 -6.1 16 14.8 16.4 18.1 12.9 14.3 20.7 8.7 9.7 23.2 4 4.4 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Light 500 FtC; (30 min.) (fluorescent) 0.5 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands in control tubes (no light pulse) "Dharmananda, Subhuti and Jerry Feldman" Ph.D. thesis of S. Dharmananda (U. C. Santa Cruz) 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation band 21.6 hrs in DD "None, in DD" 25 "No transients were observed. Light pulses were given 24.0 to 51.5 hrs after the LL-DD transition. Phase data is compared with un-pulsed 'control' tubes. In controls, the first band occurs at " 12.9 and the second band at 34.5 hrs after LL-DD. CT0 is defined as the center of these bands; the first band occurring at about 'dawn' after release into DD. Data presented in table represents averaged phase shifts from 3 experiments - the time of stimulus shown represents the average time for pulses given within 1 hr of the time indicated. "Standard devs, obtained from averaging tubes given pulses, are typically +- 0.8 -1.4 hrs. Circadian 'time of stimulus' and 'phase shifts' are calculated by multiplying real time by 24.0/21.6. " Advances are distinguished from delays by the appearance of 2 closely spaced bands rather than 1 band. The first band is that which would occur even in the absence of a light-pulse and the 2nd band is the advanced band from the next cycle. The fitted curve is 2 straight lines obtained by linear regression analysis of data in the circadian frame. " The 2 lines intersect near CT=1, & the break between max. delay & max. advance occurs near CT 16. The sum of max delay and max advance" " is equal to the period, within experimental limits. The slope of the steep portion of the curve is -1.6 and the slope of the shallow portion is -0.65.Ref: Thesis of Dharmananda, 1980 UC Santa Cruz" C Nc 12 0 3.4 4 3.5 1.7 2 5.7 0.5 0.6 7.6 0.8 1 10.5 -1.5 -1.8 12.8 -1.2 -1.4 16.5 -2 -2.4 20.3 5.5 6.5 Neurospora crassa (band mutant) Light 500 lux (40W fluorescent) (5 min.) 0.08 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands Nakashima and Feldman Photochem. Photobiol. 32: 247-251 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation bands 20.2 hrs in DD "None, in DD" 30 "This PRC was done at 30 degrees C, which is about the highest temperature that the band (bd) mutant of Neurospora will display clear conidiation bands." "The light pulse used for this PRC is about 50 times greater than that needed to saturate, the phase-shifting system (Dharmananda and Feldman, 1979 Abst. Ann. Mtg. Am. Soc. Photobiol., p. 68), " " so it should be comparable with the 30 min., 500 ft-c pulse used in this lab's other PRCs." C Nc 13 1.5 6.7 7.2 4.7 0.8 0.9 5 -0.4 -0.4 8 -1.8 -1.9 8.2 -2.9 -3.1 11.7 -3.6 -3.9 15.2 -4.2 -4.5 18.7 -4.6 -5 22 14.4 15.6 "Neurospora crassa (bd, htb-1 mutant)" Light 500 lux (40W fluorescent) (5 min.) 0.08 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands Nakashima and Feldman Photochem. Photobiol. 32: 247-251 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation bands 22.2 hrs in DD "None , in DD" 25 """htb-1"" is the abbreviation for ""high temperature banding"" mutant #1 because this mutant displays clear banding at temperature up to 36 degrees C. " Later PRCs take advantage of this characteristic to measure Neurospora's " PRC at high temperature. The authors also use another high temperature mutant, htb-2, with essentially the same results, which are not included in this Atlas." C Nc 14 0 7.2 8.3 3.5 5.8 6.7 5.8 5.5 6.3 7.7 2.8 3.2 9.3 2.2 2.5 10.5 1.6 1.8 12.8 3.5 4 16.5 -2.6 -3 20.3 4.3 4.9 "Neurospora crassa (bd, htb-1 mutant)" Light 500 lux (40W fluorescent) (5 min.) 0.08 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands Nakashima and Feldman Photochem. Photobiol. 32: 247-251 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation bands 20.8 hrs in DD "None, in DD" 30 "See previous bd, htb-1 PRC." C Nc 15 1.8 0.7 0.9 3.9 0.5 0.7 5.5 -1.3 -1.7 7.7 -1.1 -1.5 10.8 -0.3 -0.4 14.6 0.7 0.9 18.5 1.7 2.3 21.9 0.9 1.2 "Neurospora crassa (bd, htb-1 mutant)" Light 500 lux (40W fluorescent) (5 min.) 0.08 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands Nakashima and Feldman Photochem. Photobiol. 32: 247-251 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation bands 18.0 hrs. in DD "None, in DD" 34 "See previous bd, htb-1 PRC." C Nc 16 0.7 2.4 3.5 3.2 0.8 1.2 5.5 -0.9 -1.3 8 -1.7 -2.5 12.1 -3.5 -5.1 15 -4.2 -6.1 17 10.4 15.1 18.5 9.1 13.2 21.3 6 8.7 22.8 3.9 5.7 24.7 2.4 3.5 "Neurospora crassa (band, frq-1)" Light 500 FtC (fluorescent) (30 min.) 0.5 time of light pulse 1 center of band in control tubes (no light pulse) "Dharmananda, Subhuti and Jerry F. Feldman" Ph.D thesis of S. Dharmananda (U.C. Santa Cruz) 1980 conidiation bands center of conidiation band 16.5 "None, in DD" 25 No transients were observed. Light pulses were given 24.0 to 51.5 hrs. after the LL-DD transition. Phase data are compared with un-pulsed 'control' tubes. In controls the first band occurs at 9.8 and the 2nd band at 26.3 hrs after the LL-DD. CT0 is defined as the center of these bands; the first band occurring at about subjective dawn after release into DD. Data presented in the table represents averaged phase shifts from 3 experiments - the time of stimulus shown represent the average time for pulses given within 1 hr. of the time indicated. Standard devs are typically +-0.8-1.4 hrs. The circadian time of stimulus and circadian phase shifts are calculated by multiplying real time by 24.0/16.5. Advances are distinguished from delays by the appearance of 2 closely spaced bands rather than 1 band. The 1st band is that which would occur even in the absence of a light-pulse & the 2nd band is the advanced band from the next cycle. The fitted curve is 2 straight lines obtained by regression analysis of data in the circadian frame. The 2 lines intersect near CT=2 and the break between max. delay and max. advance occurs near CT =16. The sum of max. delay & max. advance is = to the period "length, within experimental limits. The slope of the steep portion of the curve is -1.6 and the slope of the shallow portion is -0.59. Ref: Thesis of Dharmananda, 1980 UC Santa Cruz" C Nc 17 0.7 4.1 4.1 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2 2 3.5 0.8 0.8 4.9 0.8 0.8 5.7 0.4 0.4 6.7 0.3 0.3 7.9 -0.5 -0.5 8.7 -0.8 -0.8 9.6 -1.4 -1.4 10.9 -2.1 -2.1 12.6 -2.6 -2.6 14.3 -3.1 -3.1 16.7 -4.2 -4.2 18.7 19.4 19.4 20.7 9.8 9.8 22.7 6.2 6.2 24.7 4.1 4.1 Neurospora crassa (band frq-3) Light 500 FtC (fluorescent) (30 min.) 0.5 time of light pulse 1 center of conidiation bands in control tubes ( no light pulse) "Dharmananda, Subhuti and Jerry Feldman" Ph. D. thesis of S. Dharmananda (U.C. Santa Cruz) 1980 conidiation bands Center of conidiation band 24 None ; in DD 25 "No transients were observed. Light pulse were given 38.0 to 75.5 hrs. after the LL-DD transition. Phase data are compared with unpulsed control tubes. In controls, the 1st band occurs 14.2, and." the 2nd band 38.6 hrs after LL-DD. CT0 is defined as the center of these bands; the 1st band occurring at about subjective dawn after release into DD. Data presented in the table represents averaged phase shifts from 2 experiments the time of the stimulus shown represents the ave time for pulses given within 1/2 hr. of the time indicated. Standard devs are typically +-0.9-1.5 hrs. "The circadian time of stimulus and circadian phase shifts are directly related to the real time values, since the period length is 24.0 hrs. " Advances are distinguished in the same way as the previous PRC. " The 2 lines intersect near CT=1 & the break between max. delay and max. advance occurs near CT=17. The sum of max. delay and max. advance is = to the period length, within experimental limits. " "The slope of the steep portion of the curve is -2.5 and the slope of the shallow portion is -0.45. Ref: Thesis of Dharmananda, 1980 UC Santa Cruz" C Nc 18 0 1.8 2.2 2.4 0.9 1.1 5 -0.2 -0.2 8 -2.3 -2.9 12.4 -3.3 -4.1 14.9 -4.2 -5.2 16.5 13.8 17.2 19.2 10.3 12.8 21.4 4.6 5.7 24 1.8 2.2 "Neurospora crassa (band, frq-4)" Light 500 FtC (fluorescent) (30 min.) 0.5 time of light pulse 1 center of band in control tubes (no light pulse) "Dharmananda, Subhuti and Jerry F. Feldman" Ph. D. thesis of S. Dharmananda (U.C. Santa Cruz) 1980 conidiation bands Center of conidiation band 19.3 None; in DD 25 No transients were observed. Light pulses were given from 44.0 to 76.0 hrs. after the LL-DD transition. Phase data are compared with unpulsed 'control' tubes. In controls the 1st band occurs 11.4 hrs and the 2nd band 31.3 hrs. after LL-DD. CT0 is defined as the center of these bands; the first band occurring at about subjective dawn after release into DD. Data in the table represents the phase shifts obtained in 1 experiment. Shifts obtained at similar circadian times but 1 cycle apart have been averaged. Std devs are typically +_0.8-1.4 hrs. The circadian time of stimulus and circadian phase shifts are calculated by multiplying real time values by 24.0/19.3. Advances are distinguished in the same way as the previous PRC. " The 2 lines intersect near CT=1 & the break between max. delay and max. advance occurs near CT=17. The sum of max. delay and max. advance is = to the period length, within experimental limits. " "The slope of the steep portion of the curve is -2.1 and the slope of the shallow portion is -0.50. Ref: Thesis of Dharmananda, 1980 UC Santa Cruz" frq-2 is identical to frq-4 C Nc 19 5 15.3 16.7 7.1 8 8.7 11.5 2.8 3.1 16 1.4 1.5 20.6 0 0 "Neurospora crassa (bd, pan-2 mutant)" Chem cycloheximide (1.6 microG/ml) 4 beginning of drug pulse 1 center of conidiation bands (phase ref) "Nakashima, Perlman, Feldman" Am. J. Physiol. 241:R31-R35 1981 conidiation bands center of conidiation band 22 None; in DD 25 "The large phase shifts (e.g., at CT5) were determined to be advances by varying the drug concentration - at lower concentration, smaller phase shifts which were clearly advances were obtained." The magnitude of phase shift at CT5 was strongly correlated with the amount of protein synthesis inhibition at CT5. Cycloheximide doesn't phase shift Neurospora mutants whose protein "synthesis and growth are resistant to this drug (cyh-1, cyh-2; single gene mutations). This strongly indicates that the phase-shifting effect of cycloheximide is mediated by its inhibition" "of protein synthesis and not by a side-effect (see Science 212: 361-362, 1981 for these results). Cycloheximide was administered to Neurospora in a recently developed " "liquid culture system (Plant Physiol. 67: 404-407 1981). Growth is slowed and conidiation prevented in liquid culture by depriving the pan-2 auxotroph of pantothenic acid, " "which is reintroduced on the ""race tubes"" for assaying phase. The phase change is calculated by comparing" phase ref of drug treated cultures w/ control cultures.. An even more recent modification of the " Neurospora liquid culture system has allowed the cycloheximide response of the bd strain (w/o pan-2) to be to be measured with similar results (Plant Cell Physiol. 22:231-238, 1981)" C Nc 20 1 -1.8 -2 5 12.8 14 7.1 7 7.6 11.5 5.9 6.4 16 2.9 3.2 20.6 2.5 2.7 "Neurospora crassa (bd, pan-2 mutant)" Chem cycloheximide (1.6 microG/ml) 4 beginning of drug pulse 1 center of conidiation bands (phase ref) "Nakashima, Perlman, Feldman" Am. J. Physiol. 241: R31-R35 1981 conidiation bands center of conidiation band 22 "None, in DD" 20 See previous cycloheximide mPRC. C Nc 21 0.5 -2.3 -2.5 3.5 -2 -2.2 7 -5.3 -5.8 10.5 -8.5 -9.3 14 9.5 10.4 17.5 2 2.2 21 -0.7 -0.8 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem A23187 (1 microM) in Ca++/Mg++ free medium (see below) 3 onset of A23187 pulse see below 12 circadian hrs after LL to DD transition "Nakashima, H." Plant Physiol. 74: 268-271 1984 conidiation midpoint of conidial bands 22 DD 26 "Protocol: Mycelial discs were grown in LL for 35 hrs, then transferred to DD. Discs were pulsed from 24-28 hrs after the LL to DD transition. After the pulse, " " the discs were inoculated onto ""race tubes"" and allowed to grow. The subsequent conidial bands (5 or more) on the race tubes were extrapolated to determine the phase of the 1st band. " "Phase shifts were calculated by comparison with the extrapolated phase of the first band of control, untreated discs." Discs were pulsed with 1 microM A23187 (a Ca++ ionophore) in medium which was free of the divalent cations Ca++ and Mg++. Divalent cation-free medium without A23187 also "caused phase-shifts like those tabulated here, but of lesser magnitude. Interestingly, the phase-shifting ability of A23187 can be totally blocked by including 0.5 mM CaCl2 in the medium." C Nc 22 1 -4.1 -4.7 4 10.4 11.9 7 5.6 6.4 11 0.8 0.9 14 -2.4 -2.7 18 -0.6 -0.7 21 -5.2 -5.9 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Diethylstilbesterol (50 microM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 21.0 +- 0.3 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 23 0 -6.3 -7.2 4 5.5 6.3 7 2.5 2.9 11 -1.7 -1.9 14 -3.9 -4.5 18 -1.2 -1.4 21 -1.2 -1.4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Dienestrol (50 microM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 21.0 +- 0.3 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 24 0 -7.6 -8.7 4 9.1 10.4 7 3.2 3.7 11 0.4 0.5 14 -3.1 -3.5 18 -2.1 -2.4 21 -3 -3.4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Hexestrol (50 microM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 21.0 +- 0.3 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 25 2 -4.8 -5.5 6 12 13.8 9 4.2 4.8 13 1.7 2 16 0.2 0.2 19 -3.3 -3.8 23 -2.7 -3.1 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem CCCP (30 microM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 20.8 +- 0.1 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 26 2 -6.2 -7.2 6 10.5 12.1 9 3.1 3.6 13 1.6 1.8 16 0 0 19 -0.3 -0.3 23 -3.8 -4.4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Sodium azide (4 mM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 20.8 +- 0.1 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 27 2 -5.1 -5.7 5 6.3 7.1 9 1.9 2.1 12 2.2 2.5 16 -1.3 -1.5 18 -2.1 -2.4 22 -3.5 -3.9 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Potassium cyanide (2 mM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 21.3 +- 0.4 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 28 2 -7 -7.9 5 8.3 9.4 9 5.8 6.5 12 3.5 3.9 16 -2.1 -2.4 18 -4.2 -4.7 22 -4.2 -4.7 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Antimycin A (0.7 microG/ml) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima Plant Physiol 70:982-986 1982 conidiation center of conidial band 21.3 +- 0.4 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 29 0 -2.9 -3.4 3 -9.3 -10.8 6 8.5 9.9 9 6.5 7.6 13 1.8 2.1 17 -0.9 -1 19 -3.4 -4 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Chloropromazine (0.3 mM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Biol. Rhythms 1:163-169 1986 conidiation center of conidial band 20.6 +- 1.0 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Nc 30 2 -3.4 -3.8 6 -6.2 -7 8 6.3 7.1 12 1.8 2 16 0.9 1 19 0.9 1 22 -2.8 -3.2 Neurospora crassa (bd) Chem Trifluroperazine (0.05 mM) 3 onset of 3 hr pulse 4-6 (extrapolated) center of conidiation bands (=phase ref) Nakashima J. Biol. Rhythms 1:163-169 1986 conidiation center of conidial band 21.2 +- 0.2 DD 26 Protocol: see Nakashima's 25C cycloheximide PRC. C Ps 1 0 3.6 3.2 3 -2.2 -2 6 -6.3 -5.8 9 -9.3 -8.5 12 -13.3 -12.1 15 -17.3 -15.8 18 -16.7 -15.2 21 -18.8 -17.1 Pilobolus sphaerosporus Light stroboscopic lamp (0.5 millisecond flash) 0.00000014 time of light flash 2 24 hrs after the last dawn of the previous LD "Bruce, Weight and Pittendrigh" Science 131: 728-730 1960 spore discharge medians of sporulation peaks about 26.5 "LL, ""dim red""" 25 "1 or 2 day transients are observed, and they indicate that the large phase shifts from CT 12-21 are delays, not advances." D Aj 1 0.2 1 0.6 6 1.1 3.6 1.7 2.7 2.6 3.6 3.5 1.4 4.6 1.1 6.3 0 16.2 -1.9 17.7 -3 19.9 -4 23 -4 23.5 -0.7 Albizzia julibrissin Light blue light pulse ( 3*10E-14 quanta/(cm*cm*sec)) 2 onset of blue light pulse 1 to 2 8 circadian hrs after DD release from LD 16:8 "Satter, Guggino, Lonergan, Galston" Plant Physiol. 67: 965-968 1981 leaflet movement "time of ""half opening"" (half maximum angle)" 23.5 DD 26 D Br 1 1.2 2.5 2.4 1.6 2.5 2.4 3.1 -0.5 -0.5 3.6 -0.5 -0.5 5.6 0 0 7.5 -2.5 -2.4 9.5 -4.5 -4.4 11.4 -0.5 -0.5 13.4 -6 -5.9 15.4 -7.5 -7.4 16.3 -10.5 -10.3 17.3 -11 -10.8 19.3 11 10.8 19.8 5 4.9 20.7 3.5 3.4 21.2 6 5.9 21.7 3 2.9 23.2 1.5 1.5 23.7 2.5 2.4 Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Light 0.6 J/(m*m*s) 4 beginning of light pulse 3 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 8:16 (see below)" Harris and Wilkins Plants 143: 323-328 1978 CO2 output peak of CO2 output about 24..4 DD 15 "CT0 Def.: Plants were maintained in a LD 8:16 photoperiod. At the end of the final photoperiod, leaves were detached and placed in DD. " "Because this occurred 8 hrs after the final LD dawn, the transfer to DD is taken as CT8." " Light pulse began 12 hrs later. Exposing leaves for 4 hrs to red light (660nm, 85 mJ/(m*m*sec)) resulted in a phase shift of about 12 hrs, whereas exposure to far-red radiation (7-8 J/(m*m*sec))" "had no effect. Exposure to red light for 4 hrs followed by 4 hrs of far-red light resulted in a large phase shift, but its magnitude was less than that obtained with red light alone. " "Transients were not observed; for the Atlas, advances and delays have been arbitrarily assigned so that the absolute phase shift values are less than 12 hrs." D Br 2 0 4.7 4.6 1 4 3.9 2 3.2 3.1 3 3 2.9 4 2 2 5 0.2 0.2 6 0.5 0.5 7 -0.3 -0.3 8 -1.2 -1.2 9 -1.8 -1.8 10 -2.3 -2.3 11 -2.8 -2.7 12 -3.2 -3.1 13 -3.3 -3.2 14 -3.5 -3.4 15 -3.8 -3.7 16 -4.1 -4 17 -2.7 -2.6 18 -2.4 -2.4 19 -1.5 -1.5 20 1.3 1.3 21 3.3 3.2 22 5 4.9 23 4.8 4.7 24 4.7 4.6 Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Temp 15 C -> 35 C -> 15 C 1 onset of 35 degrees C pulse usually 2 see comments below "Wilkins, M.B." Planta 157: 471-480 1983 CO2 output peak of CO2 output about 24.4 hrs ? DD 15 "ct 0 Def.: As for the previous light pulse PRC, plants were maintained on an LD 8:16 cycle prior to DD release. " " Therefore, CT 0 is the extrapolated dawn of this LD 8:16. In the original paper, the author plotted his PRC with CT 0 as the extrapolated dusk of LD 8:16. " " Therefore, the author's ""ct 0"" equals CT 8 of the Atlas plot of this data. Furthermore, the author plotted the ""stimulus time"" as the end of the pulse, so this was also modified." D Br 3 0 5 4.9 1 4.9 4.8 2 2.6 2.6 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 0 0 6 -0.7 -0.7 7 -2 -2 8 -2.8 -2.7 9 -4 -3.9 10 -5 -4.9 11 -5.4 -5.3 12 -5.8 -5.7 13 -6.2 -6.1 14 -7.5 -7.4 15 -8.3 -8.1 16 -8.5 -8.3 17 -11.2 -11 18 13.4 13.1 19 13 12.7 20 9.7 9.5 21 8.7 8.5 22 8.9 8.7 23 7.8 7.6 24 5 4.9 Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Temp 15 C -> 35 C -> 15 C 3 onset of 35 degrees C pulse usually 2 see previous PRCs "Wilkins, M.B." Planta 157: 471-480 1983 CO2 output peak of CO2 output about 24.4 hrs? DD 15 See previous PRCs D Cb -1 1 -0.1 -0.1 5 -3.8 -4 9 -5.5 -5.7 12 -4.5 -4.7 13.5 -6.5 -6.8 14 -4.5 -4.7 15 -6.5 -6.8 16 -1.6 -1.7 17 -3.5 -3.6 18 6.5 6.8 19 8.7 9 20.5 4 4.2 21 3 3.1 23 1.4 1.5 Coleus blumei X C. frederici Light 1300 FtC 4 beginning of light pulse 2 for delays 3 for advances "12 circadian hrs after ""lights-off"" of the final LD cycle" Halaban Plant Physiol. 43: 1887-1893 1968 leaf movement minimum leaf position about 23 (?) LL; 10 ft-c. 21 "Period is not explicitly stated - however, rough estimations from control graphs show period = 23 hrs. Light pulses were administered in the first 2 cycles after release from LD." "Transients were observed for advances, but not for delays. Cold pulses of 7C (21-14-21 degrees C) did not cause permanent phase shifts, but 11C cold pulses (21-10-21 C) did cause permanent" "phase shifts. Only a few phases were examined, however. Subsequent work by this author indicated that blue light pulses caused delays, but not advances, while " "red light pulses caused advances, but not delays (see Halaban, Plant Physiol. 44: 973-977, 1969)." D Cb -2 7 -8 -8.3 15 -8 -8.3 16 -9.5 -9.9 17 12 12.5 17 -8 -8.3 18 8 8.3 19 5.7 5.9 23 1.1 1.1 Coleus blumei x C. frederici Light 1300 FtC 6 & 8 beginning of light pulse 2 for delays 3 for advances "12 circadian hrs after ""lights-off"" of the final LD cycle" Halaban Plant Physiol. 43: 1887-1893 1968 leaf movement minimum leaf position 23 (?) LL; 10 ft- c. 21 "The phase shifts for 6 and 8 hr light pulses are quite similar: thus, they are here ""pooled"" together." D Gh 1 0.5 2.6 2.6 6 6 6 10 3.2 3.2 11 0.6 0.6 12.5 -3.5 -3.5 14 -4.6 -4.6 16.3 -3 -3 18 -3 -3 Gossypium hirsutum Chem fusaric acid (see comments) 5 beginning of drug pulse 3 "6 circadian hrs after ""maximal night position"" (see comments)" "Sundararajan, et al." Planta 144: 111-112 1978 leaf movement """maximal night position"" of leaves" about 24 hrs (see comments) "LL (""600-2,700 lux"")" 22 "Period is ""22.5 to 26.4 hr"" - circadian time of stimulus was already normalized by authors and period here is taken to be 24 hrs, so the circadian time of pulse equals the real time of pulse. " "The authors expressed phase of pulse in terms of degrees rather than circadian hrs (360 degrees/24 circadian hrs). The authors took phase 0 degrees to be the ""maximal night position"". " "Since this position presumably occurs sometime within the subjective night, it is here arbitrarily taken as CT 18." "Thus, CT 0 occurs 6 circadian hrs after the ""maximal night position"". Stimulus treatment: fusaric acid was dissolved in distilled water to a concentration of 1 mM." " 0.01 ml of this solution was uniformly brushed over the upper (adaxial) surface of a leaf. Five hrs later, the leaf was washed with distilled water. " "Control leaves were treated in the same manner with distilled water. Phase advances showed prominent transients (first cycle shifts were 3 hrs. less than third cycle shifts), but " delays showed considerably fewer transients (first cycle shifts averaged 1 hr less than third cycle shifts). D Kb 1 0 3 3.1 1 4.8 5 2 2 2.1 3 2 2.1 4 0.6 0.6 5 0 0 6 -0.6 -0.6 7 -1 -1 8 -1 -1 9 -2.5 -2.6 10 -2.2 -2.3 11 -2.5 -2.6 12 -3.7 -3.8 13 -3 -3.1 14 -5 -5.2 15 -4.1 -4.3 16 -5.3 -5.5 17 -5.7 -5.9 18 12 12.5 19 10 10.4 20 7.6 7.9 21 8 8.3 22 5.6 5.8 23 3.8 4 24 3 3.1 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light "red light (660 nm, 1600 erg/(cm*cm*sec))" 2 beginning of light pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after phase ref "Zimmer, Rose" Planta 58: 283-300 1962 petal movement maximum petal closure about 23 DD not stated "Dr. Bunning comments on this PRC indicate that the phase ref (maximum petal closure) occurs in the middle of the D period in LD. Therefore, phase ref is here taken as CT18, so " "CT0 is 6 circadian hrs after phase ref. Zimmer plots phase ref as ""time 0""." We thank Dr. Bunning for his assistance in preparing this PRC. D Kb 2 2 2 2.1 5 1 1 5.5 -3 -3.1 7.4 0.5 0.5 9.9 -0.5 -0.5 12.7 -3.5 -3.6 14 -1 -1 16.5 -1 -1 20.1 1 1 20.6 2 2.1 23 3 3.1 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec)(10 min) 0.16 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle (see below)" "Engelmann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening (see below) about 23 weak green LL 22 "Plotted points are those administered between 17 and 41 hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle. ""Red"" light consisted of red fluorescent tubes filtered through Cinemoid filters " No. 6-Strand Electric-of 2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec). "Def. of CT0: Englemann et al plot their phase shifts relative to the second minimum of petal opening. This is their ""time 0,"" and it occurs 29 real hrs after the LD/LL transfer. " " Therefore, the second minimum of petal opening occurs 30.3 circadian hrs after the DD onset. Since DD onset=CT12, ""time 0"" of Englemann et al" " corresponds to CT18.3, and CT0 occurs 5.7 circadian hrs later, which is equivalent to 12 plus modulo-24 circadian hrs after the ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle." "Def. of phase ref: although Englemann et al use the second minimum opening as their ""time 0"" ref for the controls, they use maximum petal opening as the routine phase ref. " The minimum and maximum points are 12 circadian hrs apart. D Kb 3 1 4 4.2 4.6 3 3.1 6.3 0 0 11.7 -3 -3.1 12.3 -5 -5.2 13.5 0 0 16 -3 -3.1 18.2 1 1 19.4 -0.5 -0.5 20.3 1 1 22.5 4 4.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 0.5 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle." "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRC. D Kb 4 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 3.8 -4 -4.2 6.7 -5.5 -5.7 7.8 -4 -4.2 10.8 -0.5 -0.5 12 -4.5 -4.7 14.5 -2 -2.1 15.9 -5.5 -5.7 18 -1 -1 20 3 3.1 21 6 6.2 21.7 4 4.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 0.75 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.6 -2 -2.1 5.9 0.5 0.5 6.6 -3 -3.1 7.7 -2 -2.1 9.8 0 0 12.8 0.5 0.5 14 0.5 0.5 15 3 3.1 16 3.5 3.6 17 0 0 18.2 -2 -2.1 19 6 6.2 20 5.5 5.7 21 5.5 5.7 22 6 6.2 23 5.5 5.7 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 1 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 " ""weak green LL""" 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 6 1 5 5.2 5.4 0.5 0.5 6.6 0 0 7.5 0.5 0.5 10.5 0.3 0.3 12 -2.5 -2.6 13.9 -3 -3.2 15.5 -2 -2.1 16.5 -3.5 -3.7 18.3 -1 -1 19.3 1 1 20.3 -0.5 -0.5 21.3 1.5 1.6 23 0.8 0.8 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 1.25 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 7 1 2.5 2.6 2.5 0.5 0.5 5 0 0 8 -2.5 -2.6 10 2 2.1 13 -2 -2.1 14.2 -2.5 -2.6 16.5 -4 -4.2 17.8 -3.5 -3.6 19.5 2.5 2.6 20.4 5 5.2 22.2 4 4.2 23.4 3 3.1 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 1.5 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 8 2.7 0.5 0.5 6.2 -3 -3.2 9.9 -2.5 -2.6 11.3 -2.5 -2.6 14 -0.5 -0.5 17.8 -4 -4.2 19.3 -2 -2.1 20.3 8 8.3 23 4 4.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 1.75 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 9 1.8 2 2.1 3 0 0 4.6 0.5 0.5 5 -0.5 -0.5 6 -2 -2.1 8 -4 -4.2 9.5 0 0 11 -4.2 -4.4 12.5 -4 -4.2 15.5 -4 -4.2 16 -4 -4.2 17 -5 -5.2 19 5 5.2 20 6.5 6.8 21 4 4.2 23 5 5.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 2 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 10 1.5 2 2.1 4.5 -3 -3.1 7.8 -4 -4.2 10.5 -4 -4.2 12 -5.5 -5.7 12.8 -7 -7.3 16 -6 -6.2 17 -5 -5.2 20 -9 -9.4 21 6 6.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 2.5 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 " ""weak green LL"" " 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 11 3.8 4 4.2 6.4 1 1 7.8 -3 -3.1 11 -4 -4.2 14.5 -4.5 -4.7 18 -7 -7.3 20.1 7 7.3 23.5 5 5.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Light red light (2300 ergs/(cm*cm*sec) 3 beginning of light pulse 3 to 4 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, Karlsson & Johnsson" Int. J. Chron. 1: 147-156 1973 petal movement maximum opening about 23 " ""weak green LL""" 22 See previous PRCs D Kb 12 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.7 2.5 2.6 5.3 1 1 6.6 -1.5 -1.6 10.4 -2.5 -2.6 13.5 -3 -3.1 17 -3 -3.1 19.1 2.5 2.6 19.6 -2 -2.1 20.9 6 6.2 23.5 5 5.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Temp "22.5->40->22.5 C (17.5 C ""pulse-up"" )" 1 beginning of temperature pulse 2 or more "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" Englemann et al Int. J. Chron. 2: 347-358 1974 petal movement maximum opening about 23 " ""weak green LL""" 22.5 "Plotted points are those administered between 15 and 40 hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle." "Def. of CT0 and phase ref : see 10 min. red light pulse PRC, Englemann et al (1973). (i.e., PRC #D-37)" D Kb 13 2.5 1 1 3.7 3.5 3.6 5.3 1 1 6.6 1 1 10.4 -2 -2.1 13.5 -5 -5.2 16.5 -5 -5.2 19 1 1 19.6 -6 -6.2 20.5 5 5.2 23.5 5 5.2 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Temp "22.5->40->22.5 C (17.5 C ""pulse-up"" )" 2 beginning of temperature pulse 2 or more "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" "Englemann, et al" Int. J. Chron. 2: 347-358 1974 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22.5 See previous PRC D Kb 14 2.5 4 4.2 3.7 0.5 0.5 6.6 -1.5 -1.6 10.4 -4.5 -4.7 13.5 -4.5 -4.7 16.5 -6 -6.2 19 1 1 19.6 -3.5 -3.6 20.5 -4 -4.2 20.5 14 14.6 23.5 10 10.4 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Temp "22.5->40->22.5 C (17.5 C ""pulse-up"" )" 3 beginning of temperature pulse 2 or more "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" Englemann et al Int. J. Chron. 2: 347-358 1974 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22.5 See previous PRCs D Kb 15 1 -0.2 -0.2 5 -0.5 -0.5 9 -1.4 -1.5 13 -1.2 -1.2 17 -1.3 -1.4 21 -1 -1 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Chem deuterium oxide (100% D2O) 4 beginning of D2O pulse 1 or 2 "12 circadian hrs after ""lights off"" of the final LD cycle" Maurer and Engelmann Z. Naturforsch 29c: 469-1-3 1974 petal movement maximum opening about 23 weak green LL 22.5 Continuous administration of D2O lengthens period. "Def. of CT0 and phase ref: see 10 min. red light pulse, PRC, Englemann et al (1973). (PRC # D-37)." D Lg 1 1 3.1 2.9 3 6.6 6.2 6 -1.8 -1.7 10 -0.6 -0.6 12 -4.2 -3.9 15 -3.2 -3 17.5 -5.6 -5.3 18 -8.4 -7.9 20 -5.6 -5.3 21 12.9 12.1 22.5 12 11.3 24 4.9 4.6 Lemna gibba G3 Light 11 W/(m*m) (cells in DD)(15 min) 0.25 onset of pulse 2-3 12 circadian hrs after the onset of DD "Kondo, T" Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiol Bd. 107:S395-407 1982 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 DD 26 "Protocol: duckweed was grown in LD 9:15 and released into DD. Light pulses were given to the plants from 15-42 hrs after the end of the final light period (""lights off"")" The peak was estimated by fitting the data to a sine curve. Period change after light pulses was less than 0.5 hrs. Additional refs: Plant and Cell Physiol. 24:659-665 (1983); Plant Physiol 73:605-608 (1983) D Lg 2 5.6 -2.7 -2.5 8.5 -3 -2.8 11.3 -5.9 -5.5 14.1 -6.4 -6 16.9 -7.6 -7.1 19.8 -5.5 -5.2 22.6 -0.4 -0.4 Lemna gibba G3 Light 37.5 W/(m*m) (cells in LL) 6 onset of pulse 3-6 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Cell Physiol 24:659-665 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 LL (3.8 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 3 2.6 3 2.8 5.5 -0.8 -0.8 8.3 -3.8 -3.6 11.1 -5.1 -4.8 13.9 -8.3 -7.8 16.8 -11.8 -11.1 19.6 11 10.3 22.4 5.2 4.9 Lemna gibba G3 Temp 26->39->26 C 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Cell Physiol 24:659-665 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 4 2.6 -4.3 -4 5.5 -5.9 -5.5 8.3 -8.3 -7.8 11.1 -11 -10.3 13.9 6.2 5.8 16.8 0.6 0.6 23.8 -1.4 -1.3 Lemna gibba G3 Temp 26->5->26 C 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Cell Physiol 24:659-665 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 5 2.6 -2.9 -2.7 5.5 -5 -4.7 8.3 7.7 7.2 11.1 8.7 8.2 13.9 3.1 2.9 16.8 0.3 0.3 19.6 -2.5 -2.4 23.8 -1.2 -1.1 Lemna gibba G3 Dark 11->0->11 W/(m*m) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Cell Physiol 24:659-665 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs Pulses for 3 hr also caused similar but smaller phase shift D Lg 6 3 -2.1 -2 8 -3.1 -2.9 14 -0.8 -0.8 20 -0.4 -0.4 Lemna gibba G3 Chem DCMU (10 microM) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Cell Physiol 24:659-665 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 The peak was estimated by fitting the data to a sine curve. Period change after light pulses was less than 0.5 hrs. D Lg 7 2.8 4.7 4.4 5.6 11.8 11.1 8.5 7.6 7.1 11.3 5.3 5 14.1 3.7 3.5 16.9 0.1 0.1 19.8 -2.1 -2 22.6 -3.2 -3 Lemna gibba G3 Chem Cycloheximide (3 microM) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs Direction of phase shift was confirmed by changing concentration of chemicals. Pulse for 3 hr also caused similar but smaller phase shift. D Lg 8 3 -7.9 -7.4 6 -9.2 -8.6 8 9.6 9 11 2.7 2.5 14 -1.1 -1 17 -4 -3.8 20 -5.7 -5.4 22 -7 -6.6 24 -7.1 -6.7 Lemna gibba G3 Chem sodium azide (1 mM) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 73:605-608 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 9 3 0.4 0.4 8 -2.3 -2.2 14 0.1 0.1 20 -0.1 -0.1 Lemna gibba G3 Chem sodium cyanide (3 mM) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 73:605-608 1983 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 10 2.8 -2.7 -2.5 5.6 -6.5 -6.1 8.5 -10.2 -9.6 11.3 -14.2 -13.3 14.1 -19.4 -18.2 16.9 1 0.9 19.8 -0.2 -0.2 22.6 -1.8 -1.7 Lemna gibba G3 Chem canavanine (10 microM) (arginine analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 11 2.8 -12.2 -11.5 5.6 -14.3 -13.4 8.5 -16.5 -15.5 11.3 3.5 3.3 14.1 2.9 2.7 16.9 0.8 0.8 19.8 -0.6 -0.6 22.6 -1.5 -1.4 Lemna gibba G3 Chem azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (5 microM) (proline analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 12 2.8 -0.8 -0.8 5.6 -2.6 -2.4 8.5 -8.2 -7.7 11.3 11.2 10.5 14.1 2.8 2.6 16.9 0.8 0.8 22.6 -2.1 -2 Lemna gibba G3 Chem alpha-amino-beta-chlorobutylic acid (30 microM ) (valine analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 13 2.8 -0.6 -0.6 5.6 -4.6 -4.3 8.5 -7.9 -7.4 11.3 16.5 15.5 14.1 7.6 7.1 16.9 4 3.8 19.8 1.5 1.4 22.6 0.2 0.2 Lemna gibba G3 Chem "3,4-dehydroproline (60 microM)(proline analog)" 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 14 2.8 -13.2 -12.4 5.6 -14.8 -13.9 8.5 9 8.5 11.3 4.8 4.5 14.1 2.1 2 16.9 1.7 1.6 19.8 0.2 0.2 22.6 -2.1 -2 Lemna gibba G3 Chem o-methylthreonine (15 microM)(isoleucinevaline analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 15 2.8 11 10.3 5.6 10.7 10.1 8.5 9.7 9.1 14.1 -6.5 -6.1 16.9 -6.7 -6.3 19.8 -6.2 -5.8 Lemna gibba G3 Chem 5-methyltryptophan (20 microM)(tryptophan analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 90:1600-1608 1989 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 16 2.8 -12 -11.3 5.6 7.4 7 8.5 7 6.6 11.3 4.8 4.5 14.1 0.9 0.9 16.9 0.1 0.1 19.8 -2.7 -2.5 Lemna gibba G3 Chem azaleucine (100 microM)(leucine analog) 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 88:953-958 1988 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Lg 17 2.8 -5.4 -5.1 5.6 -10.2 -9.6 8.5 -12.8 -12 11.3 -18.8 -17.7 14.1 1.5 1.4 16.9 0.7 0.7 19.8 -1 -0.9 22.6 -1.7 -1.6 Lemna gibba G3 Chem "5',5',5'-trifluoroleucine (10 microM) (leucine analog)" 6 onset of pulse 3-4 onset of LL "Kondo, T" Plant Physiol 88:953-958 1988 Potassium uptake max uptake 25.5 11 W/(m*m) 26 See previous PRCs D Or 1 2.9 0.8 0.7 6.1 -0.6 -0.6 9.8 -1.6 -1.5 13.5 -1.5 -1.4 17.2 -0.2 -0.2 23.2 2.7 2.5 Oxalis regnellii Chem abscisic acid (ABA) (100 microM) 4 onset of ABA pulse see comments see comments Skrove et al. Physiol. Plant. 55: 221-225 1982 leaf movement rhythm maximal leaf opening 26.1 green LL 25 "Def. of CT 0: the authors state (personal communication) that ""the maximum [phase ref] occurs between -1 to +5 hrs after dawn of LD 12:12"" " This range is averaged for the Atlas so that phase ref is taken as CT 2. "In addition to this ABA PRC, the authors have also found that wilting causes transient phase advances and that lithium " " ions provoke permanent phase delays to Oxalis (for the latter effect, see Physiol. Plant. 53:361-367)." "The phase shift is calculated as the average phase shift of the third, 4th, fifth, and 6th cycles." D Pc 1 0.2 5 4.4 2.8 2.2 1.9 5.8 0.1 0.1 9.4 -0.4 -0.3 13.7 -2 -1.7 19.3 -5.9 -5.1 21.2 -0.4 -0.3 22 2.5 2.2 22.9 4.4 3.8 Phaseolus multiflorus Light "15,000 lux to LL plants" 3 beginning (?) of light pulse 4? 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse (see comments) Moser Planta 58:199-219 1962 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 27.5 "LL, 150 lux" 20 Phaseolus multiflorus = Phaseolus coccineus "The CT 0 Def. is a confused issue. Moser (and also Bunning) plots the phase shifts relative to hrs after the last ""subjective night peak"" of leaf movement, not relative to zeitgeber." "Apparently, this phase ref occurs about 6.2 hrs after ""lights-off"" in LD 12:12, so it is here taken as CT 18, and CT 0 occurs 6 circadian hrs later. This CT 0 Def. is adhered to for all" "Dr. Bunning has pointed out that period can be very different depending on the light conditions (period about 28 hrs in LL without far-red, and period about 24-25 hrs in DD or LL" "the Phaseolus data in the PRC Atlas. In ref to the CT0 Def., " "with far-red). Therefore, using the previous zeitgeber time as a CT0 Def. without converting to circadian time will lead to erroneous phase estimations. Dr. Bunning states that phase ref is" " ""physiologically always at identical phase."" The CT0 Def. described above-namely, CT0 equals 6 circadian hrs after phase ref - is consequently linked to Dr. Bunning's ""physiological phase.""" D Pc 2 0 2.6 2.2 3 1.3 1.1 5.6 -0.9 -0.8 10 -1 -0.9 19 0.3 0.3 19.8 2.2 1.9 21 3.2 2.8 24 2.6 2.2 Phaseolus multiflorus Light """far-red"" light to leaf blade (see comments)" 3.5 beginning (?) of pulse 4 ? 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser Planta (Berl.) 69: 101-110 1966 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 28 hrs LL; about 90 lux 20 "Light pulse - far-red light (>680 nm), 60,000 erg/(cm*cm*cm*sec)" D Pc 3 1.3 0.8 0.7 6 -0.7 -0.6 11.6 0.2 0.2 21 -0.6 -0.5 Phaseolus multiflorus Light """far-red"" light to pulvinus (see comments)" 3.5 beginning (?) of pulse 4 ? 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser Planta (Berl.) 69: 101-110 1966 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 28 hrs LL; about 90 lux 20 "Light pulse - far-red light (>680 nm), 60,000 erg/(cm*cm*sec) " D Pc 4 1.4 3.2 2.8 21 -5 -4.3 Phaseolus multiflorus Light """far-red"" light to pulvinus (see comments)" 3.5 beginning (?) of pulse 4 ? 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser Planta (Berl.) 69: 101-110 1966 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 28 hrs LL; about 90 lux 20 "Light pulse - red (600-720 nm, max. at 660 nm) light, 5,000 erg/(cm*cm*sec)" D Pc 5 3.8 -0.2 -0.2 9.5 -4.8 -4.7 15 -10.6 -10.4 18.9 13.2 12.9 20.2 9.5 9.3 22 2.8 2.7 Phaseolus coccineus Light 3500 lux to DD plants 3 beginning of light pulse 3 6 hrs after the final phase ref preceding the pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70(12): 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of leaf movement " "probably about 24.5 hrs, not stated" DD probably 21 free running period in DD and temperature not stated. Phaseolus coccineus = Phaseolus multiflorus D Pc 6 1.6 3.4 2.9 5 1.4 1.2 8 1.4 1.2 10.8 1.6 1.3 18.3 -3.2 -2.7 19 -3.5 -2.9 19.7 -2.9 -2.4 20.9 1.5 1.3 23.2 5.7 4.8 Phaseolus multiflorus Temp 20->28->20 C 4 beginning of temperature pulse 4? 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Moser Planta 58: 199-219 1962 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 28.5 LL; 7000 lux 20 D Pc 7 2 -2.3 -2.3 6 -5.1 -5.1 10 -4.5 -4.5 14 -5.1 -5.1 17 -14.5 -14.5 19 0 0 21 0 0 22.6 0 0 Phaseolus multiflorus Temp 21->4.5->21 C 5 beginning (?) of cold pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Wagner Z. Bot. 51: 179-204 1963 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 24 hrs (?) LL; 200 lux 21 D Pc 8 0 3 2.6 3.5 0 0 7.8 -4.5 -3.9 14.6 0 0 19 1 0.9 24 3 2.6 Phaseolus multiflorus Other Wilting 6 onset of dehydration 3 6 hrs after maximum leaf elevation "Bunning, E. and I. Moser" Naturwissenschaft 55: 450-1 1968 leaf movement maximum elevation of leaves about 28 hrs LL; 1000 lux 21 Plants were removed from water during the 6 hr dehydration. Period can be lengthened by 1-3 hrs by very sparse watering. Phaseolus multiflorus = Phaseolus coccineus D Pc 9 0.5 7.5 6.5 4.3 0.3 0.3 11.6 -2.3 -2 15.5 0.3 0.3 19.7 4.5 3.9 Phaseolus coccineus Chem valinomycin (10 microG/l in 1% ETOH) 5 beginning of chemical pulse 3 "6 hrs after the final ""subjective night peak"" (ct 18) preceding treatment" Bunning and Moser PNAS 69(9) : 2732-2733 1972 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of leaf movement" about 28 hrs LL; 4000 lux 21 The valinomycin /ETOH-H20 solution was administered as a fine spray to the transpiration stream. The PRC is the difference between experimental (10 micro g valinomycin in 1% ethanol) pulses. "The points are median values from 4-9 plants. The last ""subjective night peak"" before treatment is CT 18." Phaseolus coccineus = Phaseolus multiflorus D Pc 10 1.4 2.2 1.8 4 1.7 1.4 12 0.2 0.2 14 1.8 1.5 19.3 0 0 23.8 1.2 1 Phaseolus coccineus Chem KCl (100 mM) 5 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 Phaseolus coccineus = Phaseolus multiflorus D Pc 11 6.4 3 2.5 12 0.5 0.4 14.7 1.8 1.5 19.3 -0.7 -0.6 23.8 3.8 3.2 Phaseolus coccineus Chem KCl (200mM) 4 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 12 0.7 4 3.3 5 2.6 2.2 10.4 1.9 1.6 15 1.3 1.1 20 -0.7 -0.6 22.6 3.1 2.6 Phaseolus coccineus Chem KCl (300mM) 4 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 13 0.5 3.4 2.8 6.3 -1.2 -1 11 -0.3 -0.2 15.5 0 0 19.2 0.1 0.1 Phaseolus coccineus Chem ethanol (5% (V/V)) 2 beginning of pulse 3 "6 circadian hrs after the ""night peak"" preceding ETOH pulse" Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 Phaseolus coccineus = Phaseolus multiflorus D Pc 14 0.4 5.5 4.6 5.4 1.5 1.2 12 -0.7 -0.6 15.5 3.4 2.8 19.5 3.8 3.2 Phaseolus coccineus Chem ethanol (15% (V/V)) 2 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding ETOH pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak "" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 15 0 6 5 5.4 1 0.8 7.5 -0.2 -0.2 12.1 -1 -0.8 14 1.4 1.2 19.5 5.8 4.8 24 6 5 Phaseolus coccineus Chem ethanol (20% (V/V)) 2 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding ETOH pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 16 0.5 6.3 5.2 5.4 3.7 3.1 11 0.3 0.2 15 3.8 3.2 19.5 9.5 7.9 Phaseolus coccineus Chem ethanol (25% (V/V)) 2 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding ETOH pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 17 0.4 9 7.5 5 4.3 3.6 8.5 1.7 1.4 12 -3.9 -3.2 15 -0.5 -0.4 20 13.6 11.3 Phaseolus coccineus Chem ethanol (30% (V/V)) 2 beginning of pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after the phase ref preceding ETOH pulse Bunning and Moser PNAS 70: 3387-3389 1973 leaf movement """subjective night peak"" of movement" about 29 LL; 3500 lux 21 D Pc 18 0 1.8 1.6 3.3 -1.3 -1.1 7.4 -1.6 -1.4 11 -3.3 -2.8 13.1 -5.2 -4.5 15.6 -8.4 -7.2 19.7 5.8 5 24 1.8 1.6 Phaseolus coccineus Chem cycloheximide (5 microM) 4 onset of cycloheximide pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after phase ref Mayer and Knoll Zeit. Pflanzenphys. 103(5) : 413-425 1981 leaf movement """subjective night maximum"" of leaves" 27.9 LL (19 W m-2) 23 D Pc 19 2.5 2.8 2.5 6.7 2 1.8 10.7 -0.5 -0.5 13.6 -1.7 -1.5 15.9 -3.6 -3.3 17.3 -8 -7.3 19 9.6 8.7 21.6 4.5 4.1 Phaseolus coccineus Chem cycloheximide (5 microM) 4 onset of cycloheximide pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after phase ref Mayer and Knoll Zeit. Pflanzenphys. 103(5) ; 413-425 1981 leaf movement """subjective night maximum"" of leaves" 26.5 LL (19 W m-2) 30 D Pc 20 2.3 2.4 2.1 5.4 1.6 1.4 6.9 0.8 0.7 9.1 0.8 0.7 10.7 1.8 1.5 13.1 4.3 3.7 15.7 4.9 4.2 19.5 4.8 4.1 21.6 4.7 4 Phaseolus coccineus Chem NaCN (5 mM) 4 onset of NaCN pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after phase ref Mayer Planta 152: 292-301 1981 leaf movement """subjective night maximum"" of leaves" 27.9 LL (19 W m-2) 23 D Pc 21 1.7 0.4 0.3 7.1 0.3 0.3 10.1 1.4 1.2 12.6 1.9 1.6 14.7 2.5 2.2 19.3 3.3 2.8 21.7 2.2 1.9 23.7 1.7 1.5 Phaseolus coccineus Chem Na N3 (1 mM) 4 onset of Na N3 pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after phase ref Mayer Planta 152: 292-301 1981 leaf movement """subjective night maximum"" of leaves" 27.9 LL (19 W m-2) 23 D Ss 1 1.2 -2.8 -3 2.3 13 14.2 4.7 13 14.2 4.8 -12 -13.1 5.6 7 7.6 6.9 6 6.5 8.8 2.8 3 10.1 4.5 4.9 12 1.5 1.6 15.3 1.5 1.6 17.3 0 0 18.5 0 0 20.9 -6 -6.5 22.3 -2.7 -2.9 23.1 -10 -10.8 Samanea saman Light red light pulse (2.2 J/(m*m)(5 min.) 0.08 time of pulse first maximum after pulse compared with controls see below "Simon, Satter and Galston" Plant Physiol. 58: 421-425 1976 opening and closing of leaflet pulvini maximum pulvinal opening 22.2 hrs (see below) DD 24 Period not stated - control graphs permit a rough estimation of 22.2 hrs. Pulvini were in 50 mM sucrose(rhythm damps quickly in water). The phase shift by red light pulses 5 min. long can be completely canceled by a far-red light pulse of 1.5 minutes if the far-red pulse immediately follows the red pulse. "This suggests that phytochrome mediates the phase shift (red light - 2.2 J m-2, 600-690 nm; far-red light 9 J m-2, 710-750 nm). " Points for this PRC come from pulvini left in DD for 30-80 hrs - pulvini in DD for up to 30 hrs show more variable responses. " Prior to DD, plants were in LD 16:8. Thus, onset of DD is here taken to be equivalent to the CT 16. " "This is, however, and arbitrary decision - onset of darkness may be equivalent to CT 12 as far as the plant is concerned. For more recent ref, see Plant Physiol. 67: 965-968 (1981)." D Ss 2 0.3 0.7 2.4 -0.05 4.3 3.2 4.8 3.4 6.6 1.3 8.9 0.6 11 0 13.1 -2.8 15.2 -2.6 20 -2.4 22.2 0.35 Samanea saman Light blue light (3*10E14 quanta/(cm*cm*sec) 2 onset of blue light pulse 1 to 2 8 circadian hrs after DD release from LD 16:8 "Satter, Guggino, Lonergan, Galston" Plant Physiol. 67: 965-968 1981 opening and closing of leaflet pulvini "time of ""half opening"" (half maximum angle)" 22.2 DD 26 See red light pulse PRC for Samanea. D Tr 1 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 3.3 -3.2 -2.9 8.6 -3.8 -3.5 12.4 -3.3 -3 14.1 -2.6 -2.4 17.1 -1.2 -1.1 20.7 -0.1 -0.1 Trifolium repens Chem cAMP (1.0 mM) 4 beginning of drug pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after maximal leaf closure (see comments) "Bollig, Mayer, Mayer, Engelmann" Planta 141: 225-230 1978 leaf movement maximal leaf closure 26.3 LL (2400 lux) 22 "Def. of CT0: plants were transferred from LD 12:12 to LL. About 18 circadian hrs after the LD/LL transfer, phase ref occurs. " "Therefore, phase ref is defined as CT18 and CT0 is 6 circadian hrs after maximal leaf closure. " Transients: the phase delays in the first and second cycles are about one-half of that achieved in the third cycle. "Continuous administration of 1.0 mM cAMP lengthens period by about 1.5 hrs No significant (>1 hr) phase shifts were obtained with the compound 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidone (1.0 mM)." D Tr 2 3.6 -3.4 -3.1 5.1 -2.5 -2.3 9.5 -4 -3.7 12.3 -3.2 -2.9 15 -1.6 -1.5 16.2 -1.2 -1.1 20.7 -1 -0.9 23.7 0.5 0.5 Trifolium repens Chem imidazole (10mM) 4 beginning of drug pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after maximal leaf closure (see comments previous PRC) "Bollig, Mayer, Mayer, Engelmann" Plants 141: 225-230 1978 leaf movement maximal leaf closure 26.3 LL (2400 lux) 22 Transients: the phase shifts were generally 2/3 complete in the first and second cycle after the pulse. "Continuous administration of 1.0 mol m-3 imidazole does not affect period, but higher concentrations were not tested because leaves were damaged above 1.0 mol m-3 imidazole." D Tr 3 2.2 3.3 3 6.1 2.7 2.5 9.8 -1.4 -1.3 12.8 -0.1 -0.1 16.8 -5 -4.6 17.1 0.6 0.5 21.9 0 0 Trifolium repens Chem theophyline (1mM) 4 beginning of drug pulse 3 6 circadian hrs after maximal leaf closure (see comments previous PRC) "Bollig, Mayer, Mayer, Engelmann" Plants 141: 225-230 1978 leaf movement maximal leaf closure 26.3 LL (2400 lux) 22 Transients: the phase shifts were generally 2/3 complete in the first and second cycle after the pulse. "Continuous administration of 1.0 mol m-3 imidazole does not affect period, but higher concentrations were not tested because leaves were damaged above 1.0 mol m-3 imidazole." E Ac 1 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 3.3 -0.4 -0.4 5.2 -0.8 -0.8 9.8 -2.8 -2.9 12.5 -2.5 -2.6 14.9 2.8 2.9 15.5 1.9 1.9 18.1 3.6 3.7 21 2.3 2.3 Aplysia californica Light 1200 Lux 6 beginning of light pulse 2 to 3 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 light cycle of animals prior to dissection." "Corrent, Eskin, Kay" Am. J. Physiol. 242: R326-R332 1982 Spontaneous afferent CAPs from optic nerve the hr peak impulse firing rate 23 to 24 "none, in DD" 14.5 See previous PRCs E Ac 2 0 0.3 0.3 9.5 -0.2 -0.2 14 -0.4 -0.4 18 -1.5 -1.4 19 1.9 1.7 20 1.3 1.2 21 0.5 0.5 24 0.3 0.3 Aplysia californica Light 600 Lux 6 beginning (?) of light pulse 2 "the hr of maximum firing frequency, which is about ""lights on"" in an LD cycle" "Jacklet, J.W. " J. Comp. Physiol. 90(1): 33-45 1974 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve the hr of peak impulse firing (?) about 26 hrs in culture media DD 15 Each point represents the average of 2 eyes. E Ac 3 6.5 -2.6 -2.3 8.5 -4 -3.6 8.9 -2.3 -2 9.8 -3.6 -3.2 12.8 2.2 1.9 13.8 0.3 0.3 14.7 1.3 1.2 15.8 1.8 1.6 16.4 0.6 0.5 17.5 1.4 1.2 18.2 1.7 1.5 18.9 3.1 2.7 19.6 3.5 3.1 Aplysia californica Light 1100 Lux 2 beginning (?) of light pulse 1 to 3 "the hr of maximum firing frequency, which is about ""lights-on"" in an LD cycle" Benson and Jacklet J. exp. Biol. 70: 195-211 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve half-maximal rising phase of the rhythm 26.7 hr in culture media none; in DD 15 "Although the abscissa of the published PRC says ""circadian time(h)"", it is actually not normalized and is still in real time." E Ac 4 1.1 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 8.4 -1 -1 9.4 -2 -2 13.6 -4.5 -4.6 16.7 -5 -5.1 18.8 -9 -9.2 20.9 -0.3 -0.3 22 5.1 5.2 Aplysia californica Chem 107 mM K+ 4 Onset of 4-hr high K+ pulse 2 to 3 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 light cycle of animals prior to dissection" "Eskin, Arnold" J. Compl. Physiol. SO: 353-376 1972 Spontaneous afferent compound action potentials from optic nerve the hr of peak impulse firing rate between 23-24 "None, in DD" 14.5 +- 5 Phase shifts are calculated from the difference between control and treated eyes from the same animal. "Period averages between 23 and 24 hrs, although the period's of eyes from the same animal are almost exactly the same. For calculations of circadian hrs from real hrs, from real hrs, period is taken as 23.5 hrs." "All of Eskin's PRC experiments were done in buffered seawater with antibiotics. In culture media (see Jacklet's PRCs), period is considerably longer." All of the Aplysia phase response curves in the PRC Atlas were performed on the isolated eyes of this mollusc in vitro. E Ac 5 0 -2.2 -2.2 5 -2.5 -2.5 13 -5 -5.1 18 -6 -6.1 21 -4.5 -4.6 Aplysia californica Chem A23187 and EGTA (see below) 6 onset of chemical pulse 3 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection " Eskin and Corrent J. Comp. Physiol. 117: 1-21 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve the hr of maximum impulse firing between 23 and 24 none; in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts are calculated from the difference between control and treated eyes from the same animal. Experimental solutions contained 7.5 microM A23187 and 10.5 mM EGTA ([Ca++] = .005 micro M). The control solutions contained neither A23187 nor EGTA. A23187 was dissolved in DMSO which itself caused no phase-shift. E Ac 6 0 -5.3 -5.4 5 -5 -5.1 10 -4.6 -4.7 12.6 -3.8 -3.9 13 -8 -8.2 18 -3 -3.1 Aplysia californica Chem high [Mn++] solution (see below) 6 onset of chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection" Eskin and Corrent J. Comp. Physiol. 117: 1-21 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve the hr of peak impulse firing 23-24 hrs None; in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts are calculated from the difference between control and treated eyes of the same animal. "Experimental solutions contained 10 mM Mn++, 1 mM Ca++. Control solutions contained no Mn++, 10 mM Ca++. Concentrations of other ions were the same in experimental and control solutions. " Low (1mM) Ca++ only solutions caused no phase-shifts. E Ac 7 0 -6.5 -6.6 5 0 0 10 -3 -3.1 13 -3.2 -3.3 18 -4 -4.1 Aplysia californica Chem "2,4 dinitrophenol (0.2 mM)" 6 onset of chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection" Eskin and Corrent J. Comp. Physiol. 117:1-21 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve the hr of maximum impulse firing 23-24 none; in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts were calculated from the difference between control and DNP-treated eyes of the same animal. E Ac 8 0 0.5 0.5 5 0.6 0.6 10 -0.1 -0.1 12.5 -2.6 -2.6 13 -2.5 -2.5 18 -3.5 -3.6 22 -3 -3.1 Aplysia californica Chem NaCN (2mM) 6 onset of chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection" Eskin and Corrent J. Comp. Physiol. 117: 1-21 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerves the hr of peak impulse firing 23-24 none; in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts were calculated from the difference between control and Na CN treated eyes of the same animal. E Ac 9 2 2 2 5 0 0 8 0.5 0.5 12 -3 -3.1 15 -3 -3.1 16.5 -2.5 -2.5 19 -1.6 -1.6 22 -1.3 -1.3 23 1 1 Aplysia californica Chem strophanthidin (0.6 micro M) 4 onset of chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection " "Eskin, Arnold" unpublished Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve the hr of maximum impulse firing 23-24 none: in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts were calculated from the difference between control and strophanthidin treated eyes of the same animal. Strophanathidin was dissolved in DMSO which itself caused no phase- shift. E Ac 10 0 -3 -3.1 2 -3.3 -3.4 4 -4 -4.1 6 -5 -5.1 11.6 -4.5 -4.6 14 -8 -8.2 18 -5 -5.1 20 -3.6 -3.7 22 -2.6 -2.7 23 -3.5 -3.6 Aplysia californica Chem LiCl (0.46 M) 4 onset of chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection " "Eskin, Arnold" Unpublished Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerves the hr of peak impulse firing 23-24 hrs none; in DD 15 +- 0.5 Phase shifts were calculated from the difference between control and LiCl treated eyes of the same animal. No Na+ was present in these solutions the Li+ replaced it. O Na+ solutions did not cause phase- shifts. E Ac 11 2.3 0.2 0.2 5.3 2.8 2.9 7.4 2.6 2.7 12.5 0.8 0.8 16.9 -0.2 -0.2 19.1 -1.4 -1.4 22 -2.7 -2.8 Aplysia californica Chem serotonin (10 microM) 6 Beginning of the chemical pulse 2 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection" "Corrent, McAdoo, Eskin" Science 202: 977-979 and see below 1982 Spontaneous afferent impulses from the isolated eye the hr of peak impulse firing 23 to 24 DD 15 Phase shifts are calculated from the difference between control and treated eyes from the same animal. "The data for this PRC comes from 2 refs: Science 202: 977-979 and Corrent, Eskin, and Kay, Am. J. Physiol. 242: R326-R332 (1982)." E Ac 12 4.3 0.2 0.2 6.9 2.2 2.2 11 0.3 0.3 14.6 -0.5 -0.5 17.6 -0.6 -0.6 23.2 -1.9 -1.9 Aplysia californica Chem zero-potassium seawater 6 beginning of pulse 2 to 3 """lights on"" of LD 12:12 light cycle of animals prior to dissection." Eskin J. Neurobiol. 13: 241-249 1982 Spontaneous afferent CAPs from optic nerve the hr of peak impulse firing rate 23-24 hrs None; in DD 14.5 See previous PRCs. E Ac 13 0.8 -1.6 -1.6 3.5 0.5 0.5 6 2 2 9 1.5 1.5 12 0 0 17.2 -1.4 -1.4 19.1 -2.7 -2.8 22 -3.2 -3.2 Aplysia californica Chem forskolin (1 microM in seawater) 6 beginning of chemical pulse 2 to 3 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection." Eskin and Takahashi Science 230: 82-84 1983 Spontaneous efferent impulses from optic nerve of isolated eyes. the hr of peak impulse firing 23 to 24 DD 15 +- 0.5 E Ac 14 0 0.8 0.8 6 -1.1 -1.1 10 -2.3 -2.3 12 -0.6 -0.6 15 2 2 18 3.3 3.4 21 2 2 24 0.8 0.8 Aplysia californica Chem 8-bromo cGMP (2 mM) 6 beginning of chemical pulse 4 """lights on"" of the LD 12:12 cycle of animals before the dissection." Eskin et al Neuroscience 4:2466-2471 1984 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve of isolated eyes. the hr of peak impulse firing 23 to 24 DD 15.5 E Ac 15 3 0 0 3.5 -0.5 -0.5 4 -0.9 -0.8 5 -4 -3.6 9 -2.5 -2.3 20.2 -11 -10 20.5 -10 -9.1 21 -9 -8.2 Aplysia californica Chem anisomycin (1 microM) 6 onset of the chemical pulse 3 "CT0=phase ref, which corresponds with subjective dawn (see below)" "Jacklet, J. W." J. exp. Biol. 84: 1-15 1980 "Spontaneous afferent ""CAPs"" recorded from optic nerve" half-maximal rising phase of impulse firing 26.4 DD 12 "In these experiments, the time of half-maximal ""CAP"" impulse firing corresponds to projected dawn, so it is used as phase ref and the CT0 ref point." "The anisomycin ""wash-out"" was performed in dim red light. Control red light treatments did not phase-shift the rhythm." 1 microM anisomycin inhibits eye and central neuron protein synthesis by 75-90%. Jacklet has tested several derivatives of anisomycin which do not inhibit protein synthesis and he finds that these derivatives also do not phase-shift the rhythm (J. exp. Biol. 85: 33-42; 1980) "These results suggest that the phase-shifting effect of anisomycin is mediated through its inhibition of protein synthesis, and not by a side-effect." E Ac 16 1.6 2 1.8 2.5 0 0 3.3 5 4.5 5 -2 -1.8 5.5 -1 -0.9 6 -1 -0.9 7.2 -3.8 -3.4 8 -3 -2.7 14 -10.8 -9.7 14.5 -11.2 -10.1 16 -11 9.9 18 -11.3 -10.2 20.5 -8 -7.2 22 -13 -11.8 22.5 -13.8 -12.5 23 -15.5 -14 Aplysia californica Chem anisomycin (1 microM) 6 onset of the chemical pulse 2 "CT0=phase ref, which corresponds with subjective dawn" "Jacklet, J.W. " Science 198: 69-71 1977 Spontaneous afferent impulse recorded from optic nerve half-maximal rising phase of impulse firing 16.5 hrs in culture media DD 15 """Wash-out"" of anisomycin was done under dim red light. Control exposures to dim red light did not phase shift the rhythm." "1 microM anisomycin appears to decrease protein synthesis (i.e., amino acid incorporation into TCA-precipitable macromolecules) by about 90 percent." E Ac 17 0.5 -11 -10 5 2 1.8 6 1.4 1.3 21 -7.5 -6.8 22 -11 -10 Aplysia californica Chem anisomycin (1 microM) 6 onset of the chemical pulse 3 "CT0=phase ref, which corresponds with subjective dawn" "Jacklet, J. W." J. exp. Biol. 84: 1-15 1980 "Spontaneous afferent ""CAPs"" recorded from optic nerve" half-maximal rising phase of impulse firing 26.1 DD 17 See previous PRCs. E Ac 18 2.1 6 6.1 5.1 1.3 1.3 10.3 -2.8 -2.9 11.2 -2.9 -3 17.9 -4.6 -4.7 18.1 -5.3 -5.4 Aplysia californica Chem anisomycin (1 microM) 6 onset of chemical pulse 2 "Extrapolated ""lights-on"" from previous LD cycle" Rothman and Strumwasser J. Gen. Phys. 68: 359-384 1976 Spontaneous afferent impulses from optic nerve peak impulse frequency about 23.5 none; in DD 15 +- 0.5 degrees C "Control solutions contained on equimolar concentration of puromycin aminonucleoside, an inactive analogue of puromycin." Dissections were done between CT 5 and CT 8. F Ag 1 0.5 -0.3 -0.3 5.7 -1 -1 6.7 -0.5 -0.5 9.8 -1.8 -1.9 11.9 -1.9 -2 12 -1 -1 14.1 -1.8 -1.9 15.1 2 2.1 16.2 1.8 1.9 18.2 1.7 1.8 21.4 0.9 0.9 Anopheles gambiae; females Light 70 lux 1 onset of light pulse (?) 2 extrapolated dawn of previous LD "Jones, Cubbin, and Marsh" J. Exp. Biol. 57: 337-346 1972 flight activity (assayed by sound production) maximum activity about 23 DD 25 "Jones et al, take their zero time as the extrapolated end of the previous LD 12:12. This time is here defined as CT 12." Light pulses were administered in the first cycle after LD release into DD. "Transients were observed in the first cycle after the light pulse, especially advancing transients." F Ap 1 13.1 -1.5 -1.6 15.3 -3.5 -3.8 16.4 -3.8 -4.1 17.5 -3.5 -3.8 19.6 1 1.1 21.8 2.5 2.7 Antheraea pernyi Light Light 0.5 onset of light pulse 1 to 4 12 circadian hrs before phase ref (see below) "Truman, J.W." Z. vergl. Physiol. 76: 32-40 1972 time of eclosion hormone release eclosion hormone release (see below) 22 DD 26 "The time of eclosion hormone release is used as phase ref, and is computed by assaying eclosion time and then subtracting 1.25 hrs (see PNAS 68: 595-599 [1971])." "Eclosion hormone release occurs 22 hrs after release into DD from LL, LD 12:12, or LD 17:7, and recurs at 22 hr intervals. Therefore, hormone release occurs at CT12." "Light pulses of various durations (30 minutes to 24 hrs) applied at CT13 yielded delays of 1 hr plus the length of the pulse, so the clock apparently reverts back to CT12 during irradiation." "For this PRC, light pulses were administered in the first cycle after the LD 17:7 to DD transfer. The ""circadian time of stimulus"" is based on the Def. of DD onset=CT12." F Cm 1 0 1.1 0.5 0 1.5 0 2.5 -0.9 4.4 -1.4 6.8 -1.4 8.2 -0.8 8.6 0 9.4 -1.3 10 -2.2 10.5 -2.3 10.8 0.3 12.5 0.6 13.1 -0.6 14 -0.5 15 -1.3 16 -1.3 16.5 -2.3 16.8 -0.6 18.2 0.6 18.8 1.3 19.2 2.9 20.5 3 22 0.6 23 0.7 Clunio marinus (Normandy-population) Light 500 lux 0.33 time of light pulse 2 to 3 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 12:12 "Neumann, D." in preparation pupal eclosion eclosion peak ? DD 20 Light pulses were administered in the first 1-1/2 cycles after LD release into DD. "Since period isn't known, both the time of stimulus and the phase change are given in real hrs." F Cm 2 1.7 -0.2 3.8 0.1 5.6 -0.8 7.5 -1 9.5 -0.7 11.5 0.7 13.5 -0.2 14 -1.7 15.5 0.3 16 -2.2 17.9 -0.4 19.8 0.6 21.7 2.5 23.8 1.8 Clunio marinus (Basque population) Light 500 lux 0.33 time of light pulse 2 to 3 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 12:12 "Neumann, D." in preparation pupal eclosion eclosion peak ? DD 20 See previous PRC. F Cm 3 0 -0.2 1 0.5 2 -1 2.5 -1.6 4 -2.1 4.5 -1.8 6 0 6.5 -0.6 8 -0.7 10 0.1 12 -1.6 12.5 -1 14 -3 14.5 -2 16 -0.7 18 0 19 0.5 20 0.9 20.5 0.7 21.2 0.5 22 0.3 23 0.6 Clunio marinus (Santander population) Light 500 lux 0.33 time of light pulse 2 to 3 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 12:12 "Neumann, D." in preparation pupal eclosion eclosion peak ? DD 20 See previous PRC. F Cq 1 0 2.6 4 0.6 8 0.4 12 -1.5 15 -2.8 15.5 -3 16 -3 16.5 0.9 17 2.3 17.5 3.6 18 2.3 21 3.3 24 2.3 Culex quinquefasciatus Light 8000 lux 0.13 beginning of light pulse 3 extrapolated dawn after LD 12:12 "Peterson, Eric" J. Theor. Biol. 84: 281-310 1980 flight activity """evening"" activity peak" about 24.3 DD 25 "Def. of CT0: ""lights-off"" in LD 12:12 (500 lux) is defined as CT12. The pacemaker 10ds to CT22 in LL (>= 50 lux)." Transients are complete within 24 hrs. "Advances vs. delays: the convention was to make the absolute value of phase shifts less than or equal to 12 hrs, because transients were ambiguous." "Each point is the mean for a sample of individually monitored mosquitos (n=24 for CTs from CT15 to CT18, inclusive; n=12 at other CTs)." F Cq 2 0 4.9 4 3.2 8 2.4 12 -0.2 15 -2.5 15.5 -4.8 16 -6.1 16.5 -8.7 17 11.9 17.5 7.5 18 6.7 21 5.9 24 5 Culex quinquefasciatus Light 8000 lux 2 beginning of light pulse 3 extrapolated dawn after LD 12:12 "Peterson, Eric" J. Theor. Biol. 84: 281-310 1980 flight activity """evening"" activity peak" about 24.3 DD 25 See previous PRC. F Da 1 14 -1.4 -1.4 15 -1.6 -1.6 16 -1.6 -1.6 17 -0.8 -0.8 18 -1.1 -1.1 19 -0.1 -0.1 20 1.1 1.1 21 1.1 1.1 22 1.4 1.4 23 1 1 24 0.2 0.2 Drosophila auraria (Miyake) Light 50 lux (10 sec) 0.0028 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 20 Strain= Miyake (from 34.2N in Japan) Flies were entrained to LD 14:10 then released into DD and administered light pulses. The authors take the final dusk to be at CT 12. PRCs for all 4 D. auraria strains were also measured after release from LD 1:23 (not included in the Atlas). The shape of the PRC is different after release from LD 14:10 vs. LD 1:23. F Da 2 0 2.7 2.7 1 2.1 2.1 16 -3.2 -3.2 17 -3.6 -3.6 18 -6 -6.1 19 -6.1 -6.2 20 7.7 7.8 21 5.6 5.6 22 4.1 4.1 23 3.6 3.6 24 2.7 2.7 Drosophila auraria (Miyake) Light 50 lux (5 min) 0.08 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 20 Strain= Miyake (from 34.2N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 3 0 2.6 2.6 13 -1.2 -1.2 14 -1.6 -1.6 15 -2.7 -2.7 16 -3.4 -3.4 17 -3.8 -3.8 18 -5.5 -5.5 19 -6.6 -6.7 20 10.4 10.5 21 6.5 6.6 22 5.2 5.2 23 3.4 3.4 24 2.6 2.6 Drosophila auraria (Miyake) Light 50 lux 0.25 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 20 Strain= Miyake (from 34.2N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 4 12 -3.1 -3.1 13 -3.5 -3.5 14 -5.5 -5.5 15 -6.3 -6.4 16 -7.4 -7.5 17 -8 -8.1 18 -11.5 -11.6 19 -17.7 -17.8 20 -19.5 -19.7 21 -20.5 -20.7 22 -21.2 -21.4 23 -22.6 -22.8 Drosophila auraria (Miyake) Light 50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 20 Strain= Miyake (from 34.2N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 5 1 -22 -22.4 14 -2.1 -2.1 15 -3.3 -3.4 16 -4.4 -4.5 17 -5.5 -5.6 18 -6.5 -6.6 19 -10.1 -10.3 20 -11.3 -11.5 21 -16.2 -16.5 22 -18.8 -19.1 23 -20.5 -20.8 24 -20.8 -21.2 Drosophila auraria (Omiya) Light 50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.6 DD 17 Strain= Omiya (from 35.8N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 6 14 -2.1 -2.1 15 -3.4 -3.5 16 -4.4 -4.5 17 -5.1 -5.2 18 -6.2 -6.3 19 -10.9 -11.1 20 -15.2 -15.5 21 -17.7 -18 22 -18.8 -19.1 23 -20.7 -21.1 24 -21.5 -21.9 Drosophila auraria (Akita) Light 50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 23.6 DD 17 Strain= Akita (from 39.8N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 7 1 0.7 0.7 16 -4.5 -4.5 17 -3.7 -3.7 18 2.1 2.1 20 2.3 2.3 21 2.6 2.6 22 2.2 2.2 23 1.5 1.5 24 1.1 1.1 Drosophila auraria (Hokkaido) Light 50 lux (5 min) 0.08 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 24 DD 20 Strain= Hokkaido (from 42.9N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 8 0 1.6 1.6 13 -0.9 -0.9 14 -2.4 -2.4 15 -3.8 -3.8 16 -4.7 -4.7 17 -4.7 -4.7 18 -2.3 -2.3 19 1.9 1.9 20 3.1 3.1 21 3 3 22 2.4 2.4 23 1.8 1.8 24 1.6 1.6 Drosophila auraria (Hokkaido) Light 50 lux 0.25 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 24 DD 20 Strain= Hokkaido (from 42.9N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 9 0 2.2 2.2 1 1.8 1.8 14 -4.3 -4.3 15 -5.5 -5.5 16 -5.8 -5.8 17 -5.4 -5.4 18 -4.4 -4.4 19 6.3 6.3 20 4.1 4.1 21 3.4 3.4 22 2.7 2.7 23 2.3 2.3 24 2.2 2.2 Drosophila auraria (Hokkaido) Light 50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 24 DD 20 Strain= Hokkaido (from 42.9N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Da 10 14 -4.6 -4.6 15 -5.5 -5.5 16 -6.4 -6.4 17 -7.9 -7.9 18 -9.4 -9.4 19 -16.8 -16.8 21 -20.2 -20.2 22 -21.4 -21.4 23 -21.6 -21.6 24 -22.4 -22.4 Drosophila auraria (Hokkaido) Light 50 lux 1.5-2.0 beginning of light pulse 3-4 12 circadian hrs after release into DD from LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Takamura J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 217-235 1989 Eclosion Median of eclosion peak 24 DD 20 Strain= Hokkaido (from 42.9N in Japan) See first D. auraria PRC F Dm 1 0.7 0 0 1.7 0 0 2.7 0 0 3.7 0 0 4.7 0 0 5.6 0 0 6.6 0 0 7.6 0 0 8.6 0 0 9.6 0 0 10.5 0 0 11.5 0 0 13 0 0 14 -0.9 -0.9 14.9 -2 -2 15.9 -3 -2.9 16.9 -3 -2.9 17.9 -3 -2.9 18.9 -2 -2 19.8 0 0 20.8 2 2 21.8 2 2 22.8 2 2 23.8 1 1 Drosophila melanogaster (wide-type females) Light 300 FtC white fluorescent 0.67 time of light pulse 3 or more see below "Konopka, R. J." Fed. Proc. 38: 2602-2605 1979 pupal eclosion see below 24.4 DD 22 "ct 0: flies were raised in LL and the experiment was begun by transfer to DD. The time of transfer to DD is defined as CT 12 - therefore, CT 0 is 12 circadian hrs before or " after that transfer. Light pulses were administered to the flies from 1 to 24 hrs after the LL to DD transition. The phase ref point is the time at which the eclosion peak rises to half its maximum value. F Dm 2 0.3 4 4.9 1.5 2.5 3.1 2.8 2 2.5 4 1 1.2 5.2 0 0 6.4 0 0 7.7 0 0 8.9 0 0 10.1 0 0 11.4 0 0 13.2 0 0 14.5 -2 -2.5 15.7 -3 -3.7 16.9 -4.2 -5.2 18.2 -5 -6.2 19.4 -7.5 -9.2 20.6 -9 -11.1 20.6 8 9.8 21.8 -10 -12.3 21.8 7.5 9.2 23.1 6 7.4 Drosophila melanogaster per s (short period males) Light 300 FtC white fluorescent 0.67 time of light pulse 3 or more see comments for PRC #F-39 "Konopka, R. J." Fed. Proc. 38: 2602-2605 1979 pupal eclosion see below 19.5 DD 22 "ct 0: flies were raised in LL and the experiment was begun by transfer to DD. The time of transfer to DD is defined as CT 12 - therefore, CT 0 is 12 circadian hrs before or " after that transfer. Light pulses were administered to the flies from 1 to 24 hrs after the LL to DD transition. The phase ref point is the time at which the eclosion peak rises to half its maximum value. F Dp 1 16 -6.3 -6.3 16.5 -7 -7 17 -5.8 -5.8 17.5 -8.5 -8.5 18 -9.4 -9.4 18.5 -9.4 -9.4 19 -14 -14 19.5 -16.7 -16.7 20 -16.8 -16.8 20.5 -18.9 -18.9 21 -19.4 -19.4 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 6 "extrapolation of ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh C. S., et al Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 "Pupae were transferred from LD 12:12 to DD. Light pulses were given on Day 0 following LD to DD transition, 16 to 21 hrs after start of last entraining light." Points are averages of 2 experiments. F Dp 2 0 1.9 1.9 1 1.8 1.8 2 1.1 1.1 3 0.2 0.2 4 -0.3 -0.3 5 -0.8 -0.8 6 -0.5 -0.5 7 -1.3 -1.3 8 -0.4 -0.4 9 -1 -1 10 -1.2 -1.2 11 -1.5 -1.5 12 -1.8 -1.8 13 -3 -3 14 -3.8 -3.8 15 -5.5 -5.5 16 -6.9 -6.9 17 -8.9 -8.9 18 -11.6 -11.6 19 -15.3 -15.3 20 -17 -17 21 -19.5 -19.5 22 -20.7 -20.7 23 -21.6 -21.6 24 -22 -22 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 7 ? "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh, C. S. , et al, Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 Pupae were transferred from 12:12 LD cycle to DD. Light pulses were administered on Day 1 following transfer to DD - 24 to 48 hrs after start of last entraining light. Points are averages of 2 duplicate sets of experiments. F Dp 3 1 2.8 2.8 2 1.3 1.3 3 1.8 1.8 4 1.1 1.1 5 0.9 0.9 6 1 1 7 -0.7 -0.7 8 -0.9 -0.9 9 -1.1 -1.1 10 -1.2 -1.2 11 0 0 12 -1.3 -1.3 13 -2.7 -2.7 14 -3.3 -3.3 15 -4.9 -4.9 16 -6.4 -6.4 17 -7.7 -7.7 18 -9.8 -9.8 19 -13 -13 20 -16.8 -16.8 21 -18.1 -18.1 22 -20.3 -20.3 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 to 5 "extrapolation of ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh, Colin S., et al." unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 Pupae were released from LD 12:12 into DD. Light pulses were given on Day 2 following transfer from LD to DD - from 49 to 70 hrs after start of last entraining light. "Recorded phase change values come from 3 different experiments, and are averages of individual observations on Days 4 and 5 following the resetting pulse." F Dp 4 0 2.5 2.5 1 1.8 1.8 2 0.5 0.5 3 -0.1 -0.1 4 -0.3 -0.3 5 -0.5 -0.5 6 -0.8 -0.8 7 -1 -1 8 0.1 0.1 9 -0.4 -0.4 10 -1 -1 11 -1.2 -1.2 12 -1.8 -1.8 13 -2.7 -2.7 14 -4.2 -4.2 15 -5.8 -5.8 16 -7.1 -7.1 17 -9.3 -9.3 18 -12.1 -12.1 19 -16.2 -16.2 20 -18 -18 21 -19.5 -19.5 22 -21.1 -21.1 23 -21.6 -21.6 24 -22.3 -22.3 "Drosophila pseudoobscura, females" Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 to 7 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle." "Pittendrigh, C. S. et al Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 Values given here are for females. Pupae were released from a 12:12 LD cycle into free run in DD. Light pulses were given on Day 1 following transfer to DD -24 to 48 hrs after start of last entraining light. "Phase changes shown here are averages of 2 sets of experiments, 3 years apart." F Dp 5 0 2.8 2.8 1 1.9 1.9 2 1.1 1.1 3 0.2 0.2 4 -0.3 -0.3 5 -0.6 -0.6 6 -0.4 -0.4 7 -1 -1 8 -0.1 -0.1 9 -0.7 -0.7 10 -0.9 -0.9 11 -0.9 -0.9 12 -1.7 -1.7 13 -2.6 -2.6 14 -3.7 -3.7 15 -5.5 -5.5 16 -6.8 -6.8 17 -8.5 -8.5 18 -11.1 -11.1 19 -14.7 -14.7 20 -17.1 -17.1 21 -19.2 -19.2 22 -20.8 -20.8 23 -21.4 -21.4 24 -22.2 -22.2 "Drosophila pseudoobscura, males" Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 to 7 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh, C. S., et al Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 Values given here are for males. Phase changes shown here are averages from 2 sets of experiments. F Dp 6 14 -4.1 -4.1 15 -4.8 -4.8 16 -5.3 -5.3 17 -5.6 -5.6 18 -8.4 -8.4 19 -10.9 -10.9 20 -16.6 -16.6 21 -18.8 -18.8 22 -20.4 -20.4 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Cosbey, E. S., and C. S. Pittendrigh" Stanford Univ. unpublished 1976 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak see comments none; DD 15 Pupae were reared and maintained at 15 degrees C for 4 weeks prior to release from LD 12:12 into DD free run. Light pulses were given at the indicated hrs during the night following the last period of entraining light (Day 0) : 14 to 22 hrs after the start of the last entraining light. This PRC is based on small numbers of flies (often less than 100 per peak). "Although period may have been somewhat longer than 24 hrs, no correction was made for the deviation because period could not be determined with useful precision from the data." F Dp 7 0 2.1 2.1 1 3.2 3.2 2 2.4 2.4 3 1.8 1.8 4 1.2 1.2 5 1.7 1.7 6 1.2 1.2 7 0.6 0.6 8 1 1 9 -0.2 -0.2 10 -2.4 -2.4 13 -3.3 -3.3 14 -4.1 -4.1 15 -5.8 -5.8 16 -6.9 -6.9 17 -7.9 -7.9 18 -9.2 -9.2 19 -10.4 -10.4 20 -11.6 -11.6 21 -13.1 -13.1 22 -15.5 -15.5 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 7 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Cosbey, E. S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" Stanford Univ. unpublished 1976 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak see comments none;DD 15 Pupae were reared and maintained at 15 degrees C for 3 weeks prior to release from LD 12:12 to free run in DD. Light pulses were given at the indicated hrs of Day 1 following the transition from LD to DD: 24 to 46 hrs after the start of the last entraining light. "Recorded phase change values are means of individual observations on days 5, 6 and 7 after the resetting pulse." This PRC is based on small numbers of flies (about 100 per peak). "Although period may have been somewhat longer than 24 hrs, no correction was made for the deviation because period could not be determined with useful precision from the data." F Dp 8 1 2.2 2.2 2 0.5 0.5 3 1.5 1.5 4 0.8 0.8 6 0.6 0.6 8 -0.4 -0.4 9 -0.3 -0.3 10 -0.2 -0.2 11 0.1 0.1 13 -2.8 -2.8 14 -3.7 -3.7 15 -3.9 -3.9 16 -5.4 -5.4 17 -7.2 -7.2 18 -8.5 -8.5 19 -9.8 -9.8 20 -10.5 -10.5 21 -12.3 -12.3 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 6 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Cosbey, E. S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" "Stanford Univ. , unpublished" 1976 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak see comments none; DD 15 Pupae were reared and maintained at 15 degrees C for 3 weeks prior to release from LD 12:12 into free run in DD. Light pulses were given at the indicated hrs of Day 2 following the transition from LD 12:12 to DD: 49 to 69 hrs after the start of the last entraining light. Recorded phase change values are means of individual observations on days 5 and 6 after the resetting pulse. This PRC is based on small numbers of flies (about 100 per peak). "Although a period may have been longer than 24 hrs, no correction has been made for the deviation because the period could not be determined with useful precision from the data." F Dp 9 1.9 0.8 0.8 2.2 2.6 2.5 3.9 0.9 0.9 4.9 0.4 0.4 5.8 -0.5 -0.5 6.8 0.3 0.3 7.8 0.3 0.3 9.7 -0.8 -0.8 11.7 -1.1 -1.1 13.6 -2.1 -2 15.5 -5.6 -5.4 16.5 -6.8 -6.6 17.5 -9.1 -8.8 18 -10.4 -10.1 18.5 -11.3 -11 19.4 -14.5 -14.1 20.4 -16.7 -16.2 21.4 -18.2 -17.7 22.3 -19.6 -19 23.3 -21.3 -20.7 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 beginning of light pulse 6 to 8 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of last 12:12 LD cycle" "Zimmerman, W. F., and C. S. Pittendrigh" Princeton Univ. 1965 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24.7 none; DD 10 Pupae were raised in LD 12:12 at 20 degrees C and transferred to 10 degrees C 5 days before entry into DD. Light pulses were administered on Day 1 following transfer from LD 12:12 to DD (26 to 48 hrs. after start of last entraining light). "Recorded phase change values are means of individual observations on days 6,7, and 8 after the resetting pulse." F Dp 10 0 2.3 2.3 2 1.5 1.5 4 1.3 1.3 10 1.9 1.9 12 -2.3 -2.3 14 -3.3 -3.3 16 -6.6 -6.6 17 -8.4 -8.4 18 -10.7 -10.7 20 -17.6 -17.6 22 -20.5 -20.5 Drosophila pseudoobscura Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pauming, W. F. Zimmerman, and C. S. Pittendrigh" "Princeton Univ., unpublished" pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak see comments none; DD 25 Pupae were raised in LD 12:12 at 22 degrees C and transferred to 26 degrees C approximately 30 hrs before entry into DD. Light pulses were administered at the indicated hrs of Day 1 following transfer from LD 12:12 to DD (24 to 46 hrs after start of last entraining light). "This PRC is based on small numbers of flies (fewer than 100 per peak, for some points far fewer). No attempt was made to determine or correct for period." F Dp 11 0 -0.5 4 -1 8 -0.3 12 -2.3 16 -4.4 20 1 24 -0.5 Drosophila pseudoobscura Chem nitrogen (anoxic conditions) 4 onset of nitrogen pulse 31508 "extrapolation of ""lights on"" of previous LD 12:12 cycle" Pittendrigh unpublished pupal eclosion Median of eclosion peak 24 DD 20 Drosophila pupae were placed in an air-tight chamber and the chamber was flushed thoroughly with nitrogen gas. The chamber was then sealed for the duration of the 4 hr pulse. F Dp 12 14 -2.1 -2.1 15 -2.9 -2.9 16 -4.2 -4.2 17 -4.9 -4.9 18 -6.8 -6.8 19 -12.6 -12.6 20 -17.8 -17.8 21 -19.3 -19.3 22 -20.2 -20.2 23 -21.4 -21.4 24 -22.5 -22.5 "Drosophila pseudoobscura, orange-eyed " Light 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 7 "extrapolated""lights-on"" from previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh, Colin S." Hopkin's Marine Station unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 Pupae were released from 12:12 cycle into free run in DD. Light pulses were administered on the night of Day 0 following transfer to DD - 14 to 24 hrs after the start of the last entraining light. These flies are the orange-eyed mutant which arose spontaneously in Pittendrigh's lab at Princeton. "Recorded phase change values are averages of individual observations on Days 5, 6 and 7 following the resetting pulse." This PRC is based on fairly small numbers of flies (75-100/peak/day). F Dp 13 0 2.4 2.4 1 1.7 1.7 2 0.8 0.8 3 0.5 0.5 4 0.4 0.4 5 0 0 6 -0.5 -0.5 7 -0.9 -0.9 8 -1.2 -1.2 9 -1.1 -1.1 11 -1.2 -1.2 13 -1.8 -1.8 14 -3.1 -3.1 15 -3.3 -3.3 16 -4.3 -4.3 17 -4.8 -4.8 18 -5 -5 19 -13.6 -13.6 20 -18 -18 21 -18.9 -18.9 22 -19.7 -19.7 23 -21.2 -21.2 Drosophila pseudoobscura white-eyed Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 5 to 7 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous 12:12 LD cycle" "Pittendrigh, C. S. et al. Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 These flies are the white-eyed mutants which arose spontaneously in Pittendrigh's lab at Princeton. Pupae were released from 12:12 LD cycle into free run in DD. Light pulses were administered on Days 0 and 1: 13 to 35 hrs after the start of the last entraining light period. "Recorded phase change values are averages of individual observations on Days 5, 6, and 7 following the resetting pulse." This PRC is based on small numbers of flies: generally 20 to 50 per peak. F Dp 14 0 2.6 2.6 2 1.5 1.5 3 1.1 1.1 4 2.3 2.3 5 1.9 1.9 6 0.4 0.4 7 0.1 0.1 8 -0.3 -0.3 9 -0.3 -0.3 10 -0.3 -0.3 11 -1.2 -1.2 12 0.1 0.1 13 -1.3 -1.3 14 -1.6 -1.6 15 -2.4 -2.4 16 -4.5 -4.5 17 -6.7 -6.7 18 -8.2 -8.2 19 -11.1 -11.1 20 -14.6 -14.6 21 -17.2 -17.2 22 -19 -19 23 -19.5 -19.5 "Drosophila pseudoobscura (""Early"")" Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 to 5 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 12:12 cycle" "Pittendrigh, Colin S. and Minis" Biochronometery 212-250 1971 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 These flies have been selected for 52-53 generations for emergence early in the day. Pupae were released from LD 12:12 into free run in DD. Light pulses were given on Day 1 following transfer to DD: from 24 to 47 hrs after the start of the last entraining light. Recorded phase change values represent the averages of individual observations on days 4 and 5 following the resetting pulse. F Dp 15 0 4.2 4.2 1 3.9 3.9 2 3.1 3.1 3 1.3 1.3 4 1.9 1.9 5 2.1 2.1 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 -0.1 -0.1 9 0 0 10 -0.1 -0.1 11 0.1 0.1 12 0.4 0.4 13 -2.3 -2.3 14 -2.2 -2.2 15 -3.4 -3.4 16 -5.7 -5.7 17 -6.7 -6.7 18 -7.7 -7.7 19 -10.8 -10.8 20 -13.1 -13.1 21 -15.6 -15.6 23 -19.5 -19.5 "Drosophila pseudoobscura (""Late"")" Light white 0.25 start of light pulse 4 to 5 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 12:12 cycle" "Pittendrigh, Colin S. and Minis" Biochronometery 212-250 1971 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak about 24 none; DD 20 These flies have been selected for 52-53 generations for emergence late in the day. See PRC #F-53 for experimental protocol. F Ht 1 0 -0.76 2 -1.8 4 -2.75 5 -3.1 8 -2.59 11 -2.32 13 -1.03 15 -1.6 16 -0.79 18 0.63 19 0.97 20 -0.44 21 0 22 -0.37 23 -0.23 24 -0.76 Hemideina thoracica Temp 20 ->10->20 C 6 onset of temperature pulse after transients 6 circadian hrs after phase ref (see comments) "Gander, P.H. " Int. J. Chronobiol/ 6: 243-262 1979 locomotor activity (tilting actograph) midpoint of activity 24.6 (see comments) DD 20 +- 1 Hemideina is a nocturnal orthopteran whose midpoint of activity occurs in the middle of the subjective night. "Therefore, phase ref is taken to be CT 18, and CT 0 is 6 circadian hrs after phase ref. Period is determined by periodogram and/or correlogram analyses of individual animals." Both the Def. of CT 0 and of stimulus time as used in the original figure have been modified here to conform with standard Atlas form. F Ht 2 3 -5 -4.9 4 -7.5 -7.4 7.5 -7.2 -7.1 8 -7.4 -7.3 10.8 -9.4 -9.2 11.4 -12.3 -12.1 11.5 1.7 1.7 12.2 -11.7 -11.5 12.4 -0.7 -0.7 13.7 1.8 1.8 15.2 3.3 3.2 16.2 1.6 1.6 19 3.7 3.6 19.5 2.5 2.4 21.2 3.9 3.8 22.4 0.2 0.2 Hemideina thoracica Light 100 Lux 12 onset of light pulse see comments 6 circadian hrs after phase ref (see below) Christensen and Lewis Physiol. Entomol. 7: 1-13 1982 locomotor activity midpoint of activity 24.6 DD 20 "The phase shifts were measured ""after transients settled,"" probably about 5 cycles after the light pulse." "CT0: Phase ref taken as CT 18 (see previous Hemideina PRC). The original paper plotted ""CT0"" = onset of activity, which occurs about 1 hr after subjective dusk (about CT 13). " "Also, the original paper plotted ""stimulus time"" = midpoint of the light pulse, so both of these parameters have been modified for the Atlas PRC." These authors have also measured PRCs in Hemideina for 4 and 8 hr light pulses: the 8 hr. " PRC is a nice type 1 PRC (+-4 hr phase shifts), while the 4 hr PRC is a slightly noisy type 1 PRC with +- 3 hr phase shifts." F Lm 1 0 0.4 0.4 2 1.7 1.7 4 1 1 6 -0.7 -0.7 8 -1.5 -1.5 10 -1.3 -1.3 12 -3.1 -3.1 14 -3.1 -3.1 16 -1.2 -1.2 18 2.6 2.6 20 1 1 22 1.5 1.5 24 0.4 0.4 Leucphaea maderae Light 500-700 Lux 6 onset of light see comments CT12=activity onset Page & Barrett J. Comp. Physiol. 165:51-59 1989 locomotor activity Activity onset 23.7 DD 25+_0.5 "Animals raised in LD12:12 (T=24). Methods of monitoring activity, data reduction, and estimating free-running period were identical to Barrett and Page (1989) " with the exception that some data was collected via computerized. For purposes of calculating phase shifts in the activity rhythm caused " by light pulses, the onset of activity (designated as CT12) was chosen as a phase ref point while light onset was used as the ref for the pulse." "Phases of the activity rhythms were determined by eye-fitting lines through activity onset, one before and one after the treatment." The magnitude of the phase shift was taken as the interval between the lines extrapolated to the day of the light pulse (as in Page 1987). Each estimate of phase was based on at least 14 days of data and usually on days 18-21. Values reported are the average of 3 independent estimates. The phase of each light pulse is reported in circadian time(CT) normalized to the period of each animal's free-running rhythm prior to the pulse. Phase shifts are reported in hrs of reals time. Conversion of phase change to circadian hrs based on average free-running period of population. F Lm 2 0 1.9 2 2 -0.4 -0.4 4 0.4 0.4 6 -0.3 -0.3 8 1.3 1.4 10 -0.2 -0.2 12 -0.8 -0.8 14 -0.2 -0.2 16 0.9 0.9 18 1.5 1.6 20 2.3 2.4 22 2.6 2.7 24 1.9 2 Leucphaea maderae Light 500-700 Lux 6 onset of light see comments CT12=activity onset Page & Barrett J. Comp. Pysiol. 165:51-59 1989 locomotor activity Activity onset 22.8 DD 25+_0.5 Animals raised in LD11:11 (T=22). See previous PRC comments F Lm 3 0 -0.3 -0.3 2 -0.5 -0.5 4 -1.1 -1.1 6 -0.9 -0.9 8 -1.4 -1.4 10 -1.4 -1.4 12 -3 -3 14 -4.3 -4.2 16 -3 -3 18 0.8 0.8 20 2 2 22 -1.3 -1.3 24 -0.3 -0.3 Leucphaea maderae Light 500-700 Lux 6 onset of light see comments CT12=activity onset Page & Barrett J. Comp. Pysiol. 165:51-59 1989 locomotor activity Activity onset 24.3 DD 25+_0.5 Animals raised in LD13:13 (T=26). See previous PRC comments F Lm 4 0 0.1 0.1 2 0.7 0.7 4 1.1 1.1 8 -0.8 -0.8 10 -2.5 -2.5 12 -3.2 -3.3 14 -2.4 -2.4 16 -0.6 -0.6 18 1.2 1.2 20 2 2 24 0.1 0.1 Leucphaea maderae Light 500-700 Lux 6 onset of light see comments CT12=activity onset Page & Barrett J. Comp. Pysiol. 165:51-59 1989 locomotor activity Activity onset 23.6 DD 25+_0.5 Animals raised in DD See previous PRC comments F Lm 5 2 0.6 0.6 4 0.3 0.3 6 -1.7 -1.7 8 -2.3 -2.3 10 -3.8 -3.8 12 -4.2 -4.2 14 -5.2 -5.2 16 -0.7 -0.7 18 0.4 0.4 20 1 1 22 0.8 0.8 Leucphaea maderae Light 500-700 Lux 6 onset of light see comments CT12=activity onset Page & Barrett J. Comp. Pysiol. 165:51-59 1989 locomotor activity Activity onset 24.2 DD 25+_0.5 Animals raised in LL See previous PRC comments F Lm 6 0.5 -0.9 1 0 2.1 -1.5 3 -3.4 5.7 -0.6 6.7 -1.3 7.5 -2.1 10.4 -4.9 12.3 -6.9 12.7 -4.7 13.4 -7.7 15.4 -2.7 16 1.1 16.5 3.5 16.7 1.5 17.3 1.7 17.5 0 17.7 1.6 19 1.3 19.4 1.3 20.6 0.7 21.2 1.6 22.9 0 23 -1.7 Leucophaea maderae (Blaberidae) Light "50,000 Lux" 6 beginning of light pulse phase ref after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Wiedenmann, G. " Z. Naturforsch. 32c: 464-465 and Ph.D. thesis (1978) 1977 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 dim red LL 28 The original PRC plotted circadian time of stimulus and phase shifts in degrees (360 degree/24 circadian hrs). "Also, the circadian time of stimulus was plotted relative to the midpoint of the light pulse in the original PRC." Pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. No transient cycles were observed. F Lm 7 4.1 -0.8 5.3 -1.3 6.5 -6.1 7.1 -3.2 8.1 -4.7 9.7 -5.7 10.8 -7.6 11.1 -3.5 13 -8 13.6 -9.4 14.2 -8.1 14.3 -11.1 14.4 -9.9 14.7 -5.7 15 -7.9 15.1 0 15.3 0 15.5 -0.8 16.1 1.6 17 1 18 1.8 18.9 0.4 19.6 1.3 21.5 -0.1 Leucophaea maderae (Blaberidae) Light "50,000 Lux" 8 beginning of light pulse phase ref after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Wiedenmann, G." J. comp. Physiol. 137: 249-254 1980 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 dim red LL 28 See previous PRC. F Lm 8 13.1 -10.1 13.4 -5.6 13.5 -10.7 13.7 -8.3 13.9 5 14 -8.1 14.2 0 14.3 -2.7 14.4 -12.8 14.5 4.9 14.7 0.9 15 2.1 15.2 -1.3 15.9 2.7 16.3 1.9 Leucophaca maderae (Blaberidae) Light "80,000 Lux" 10.33 beginning of light pulse phase ref after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Wiedenmann, G." "Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Tubingen" 1978 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 dim red LL 28 See previous PRCs. "Dr. Wiedenmann also has measured a 10 hr light pulse PRC which he chose to leave out of the Atlas because ""it adds nothing new"" to this PRC." F Lm 9 11.1 -6.8 12.7 -11.1 13 -10.2 13.1 -7.6 13.2 -11.1 13.3 -8.5 13.9 -10.7 14.1 5.3 14.2 -11.7 14.3 -8.3 14.5 -12.9 14.7 3.6 14.8 -12.1 14.9 4.3 15.2 3.6 15.3 4.1 15.7 4.7 Leucophaea maderae (Blaberidae) Light "80,000 Lux" 10.66 beginning of light pulse phase ref after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Wiedenmann, G." "Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Tubingen" 1978 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 dim red LL 28 See previous PRCs. F Lm 10 9.3 -7.9 9.6 -9.6 10 -9.9 11.7 -11.3 12.1 -11.1 12.6 -7.6 12.9 -12.5 13.7 -14 14 4.5 14.5 7.3 14.7 3 15.1 3.3 15.2 4.3 15.4 5.4 15.7 7.7 15.8 2.6 15.9 4.2 17.3 2.6 Leucophaea maderae (Blaberidae) Light "80,000 Lux" 12 beginning of light pulse phase ref after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Wiedenmann, G." Z. Naturforsch. 32c: 464-465 1977 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 dim red LL 28 See previous PRCs. F Lm 11 3.7 -5.5 4 -4.8 7 -5.8 8 -7 8.5 -7.5 9.2 -8.3 9.5 -8.7 10 -7.2 10.5 -10.1 11.8 -8.6 14.3 -7.8 15.3 -6 16.2 -7.7 19.3 -5.3 20.8 -5.3 22 -3.3 23 -5.4 Leucophaea maderae Temp 28->1->28 C 8 beginning of low temperature pulse between stimulus and onsets after pulse extrapolated back 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Wiedenmann, G. " J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 8: 378-383 1977 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.4 constant red light 28 Wiedenmann expressed his phases on terms of degrees rather than circadian hrs (360 degrees/24 circadian hrs) Pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. No transient cycles occurred. F Lm 12 0 -5.5 1 -7 1.5 -8 2 -7.5 3.5 -8.5 4 -8 7.5 -11.5 10 -11 12.5 -12.5 13.5 -12 14 -16 14.5 -12.5 15.5 -12 16.5 -9 18 -9 18.5 -2 19.5 -3.5 21 -5 22 -4.5 24 -5.5 Leucophaea maderae (Fabricus) Temp 25->7->25 C 12 beginning of temperature pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset "Roberts, S.K." J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 59: 175-186 1962 wheel running activity onset of activity 23.5 DD 25 "Roberts plotted CT 0 as the onset of activity, and the time of stimulus as the end of the temperature pulse." F Lm 13 0.5 -3 2.1 -3.8 3.9 -4.7 4.9 -5.6 7.4 -5.8 8.1 -6.2 9.8 -7.3 11.7 -5.8 12.4 -3.2 13.8 -2.1 16.2 -0.7 18 -1.1 18.8 -2 20 -2.2 21 -2.9 22.3 -3.1 Leucophaea mederae (Fabricus) Temp 25->12->25 C 6 beginning of temperature pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset of activity "Roberts, S.K." unpublished wheel running activity onset of activity 23.5 DD 25 See previous PRCs F Lm 14 0.5 -3 3.5 -4 5.3 -4.2 6.2 -6.2 8 -7 9.8 -9 11.5 -10 13.5 -8.2 18 -0.3 Leucophaea maderae (Fabricus) Temp 25->12->25 C 12 beginning of temperature pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset of activity "Roberts, S.K." J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 59: 175-186 1962 wheel running activity onset of activity 23.5 DD 25 See previous PRC F Lm 15 0.4 -12.2 1 -14 2 -16 4 -16.6 4.8 -17.1 10 -23.2 12.3 -2 13 -3.9 16 -5.5 16.2 -8 16.9 -7.5 17.4 -8 18.2 -8.4 18.8 -8 22 -10 22.4 -8.4 Leucophaea maderae (Fabricus) Temp 25->12->25 C 24 beginning of temperature pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset of activity "Roberts, S.K." unpublished wheel running activity onset of activity 23.5 23.5 hrs 25 See 48 hr low temperature pulse PRC. F Lm 16 1 -14 2 -14 3 -12 6 -21.5 7 -18 8 -21 11 -22.8 12 -0.2 12.5 -0.5 13.5 -2.5 16 -5 17 -6.5 18.5 -7 20 -8 20.8 -9 22 -10 23 -11 Leucophaea maderae (Fabricus) Temp 25->12->25 C 48 beginning of temperature pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset of activity "Roberts, S. K." J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 59: 175-186 1962 wheel running activity onset of activity 23.5 DD 25 "In contrast to the previous PRCs, this 48 hr low temperature PRC exhibits a strict correlation between the shifted phase and the end of the cold pulse. " "This is consistent with the interpretation that the clock is ""stopped"" during the cold pulse and resumes at a fixed phase (activity onset) after the pulse is over. " "Therefore, the phase shifts are well plotted as delays, even though many exceed 12 hrs." See previous PRCs for further comments. F Nc 1 2 0 0 3.5 0.5 0.5 5 2.7 2.7 7 2.5 2.5 8 2 2 9.5 0 0 10.7 0 0 11 -0.3 -0.3 12.6 -0.3 -0.3 13 -2.8 -2.8 14.6 -2.3 -2.3 15.5 -2.1 -2.1 16 -3.5 -3.5 17.5 -0.8 -0.8 18.4 1.3 1.3 20 1.2 1.2 21.1 5.2 5.2 22 4 4 Nauphoeta cinerea Light 240 microW/(cm*cm) 3 beginning of light pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Saunders, D. and E. Thompson" Nature 270: 241-2 1977 running wheel activity onset of activity 23.75 hrs. median value DD 25 Transients were observed for advances but not for delays. Light pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. F Nc 2 0 -0.6 -0.6 1 -0.7 -0.7 3 1.2 1.2 4.8 -5.2 -5.3 5.2 -3.1 -3.1 6.2 -6.5 -6.6 7 -5.1 -5.2 9.8 -8 -8.1 10.1 -9.9 -10 12.3 9.8 9.9 13.7 5.8 5.9 14.5 10 10.1 16.4 7.5 7.6 17.6 6 6.1 19.6 5.9 6 21.4 2.1 2.1 22.2 2.7 2.7 23.6 0.3 0.3 Nauphoeta cinera Light 240 microW/(cm*cm) 12 beginning of light pulse between stimulus and extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs after onset of activity "Saunders, D. and E. Thompson" Nature 270: 241-2 1977 running wheel activity onset of activity 23.75 hrs. median value DD 25 "Transients were not observed, with the single exception of the 1.2 hrs advance at CT 3." Light pulse were administered during steady-state free-runs. F Pg 1 0 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.1 4.8 0.4 0.4 7.2 0.1 0.1 9.3 0.3 0.3 16.6 -1.7 -1.7 18 -0.5 -0.5 19 0.4 0.4 20.3 1.8 1.8 21.7 2 2 22.7 3 3 Pectinophora gossypiella Light about 200 lux white fluorescent light 0.25 time of light pulse about 1 to 10 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Minis In: Biochronometry pp. 212-250 1971 time of egg hatching median of egg-hatch distribution 24 DD 26 Light pulses were administered in the first cycle after DD release from LD 14:10. F Pg 2 12.1 0.3 0.3 15.7 -2.5 -2.7 17 -1.8 -1.9 18.3 0.3 0.3 19.6 1.3 1.4 22.3 2.5 2.7 Pectinophora gossypiella Light about 200 lux white fluorescent light 0.25 time of light pulse about 1 to 10 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Minis In: Biochronometry pp. 212-250 1971 Time of pupal eclosion median of eclosion distribution 22.4 DD 26 Light pulses were administered in the first cycle after DD release from LD 14:10. F Pg 3 1.4 2 2.1 3.4 1.7 1.8 4.6 0.9 1 5.9 0.5 0.5 9.1 0.1 0.1 10.8 -0.6 -0.6 11.8 0.5 0.5 12.5 -0.3 -0.3 14.4 -1.3 -1.4 16.5 -1.7 -1.8 18.3 -2 -2.1 21.2 1.5 1.6 23.5 2.3 2.4 Pectinophora gossypiella Light about 200 lux white fluorescent light 0.25 time of light pulse about 1-10 extrapolated dawn of previous LD 14:10 Pittendrigh and Minis In: Biochronometry pp. 212-250 1971 Adult oviposition median of oviposition activity 22.6 DD 26 "The light pulses for this paper's PRC were presented 1 to 34 hrs after dusk of the last LD 14:10 cycle. For this PRC, only the time points from 6 hrs after to 36 hrs after dusk were plotted." F Pg 4 4 -1.5 -1.6 8 -3.8 -4.1 11.8 -5.9 -6.4 14.2 -9.3 -10.1 16 9.2 10 17.1 6.4 7 18 4.9 5.3 19.1 3.1 3.4 20.2 4.8 5.2 23.9 -0.1 -0.1 Pectinophora gossypiella Light pulse after LD 12:12 release 8 onset of light pulse 2 to 4 "24 circadian hrs after ""dawn"" of the final LD 12:12" "Horne, M.K." "B.A. thesis, Princeton" 1967 egg hatch rhythm median of egg-hatch peak 24 DD 20 "Light pulses were administered during the 24 hrs after ""lights-off"" of the final LD 12:12 light period." F Pg 5 0 0 0 2 -1.5 -1.6 4 -2 -2.2 6 -1.2 -1.3 8 -4.5 -4.9 12.1 -8.6 -9.4 15.9 4.6 5 17.9 3.5 3.8 20.1 0.6 0.7 22.1 0.8 0.9 24 0 0 Pectinophora gossypiella Light pulse after LD 8:16 release 8 onset of light pulse 2 to 4 "24 circadian hrs after ""dawn"" of the final LD 8:16" "Horne, M.K." "B.A. thesis, Princeton" 1967 egg-hatch rhythm median of egg-hatch peak 24 DD 20 "Light pulses were administered during the 24 hrs after ""lights-off"" of the final LD 8:16 light period." F Sa 1 1 -0.5 -0.5 3 0 0 5 1.5 1.5 7 0.2 0.2 11 1.3 1.3 13 -3.8 -3.8 14 -5.1 -5.1 15 -6.4 -6.4 16 -2.9 -2.9 17 -5.2 -5.2 19 2.2 2.2 20 1 1 21 0 0 22 -0.5 -0.5 23 0 0 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux; 240 microW/(cm*cm) 1 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D. S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 "Experimental Protocol for Sarcophaga PRCs: Cultures of larvae were transferred from LL to DD, then subjected " to white light pulses of various durations (1-20 hrs) at different times after the LL to DD transition. Peaks of pupal eclosion were then recorded 18 to 21 days later. Cultures which were not given a light pulse after the LL to DD transfer did not show net phase shifts. F Sa 2 0 2.7 2.7 4 0.5 0.5 6 -0.5 -0.5 8 0 0 10 -2 -2 12 -4 -4 13 -4.5 -4.5 15 -8 -8.1 16 8.5 8.6 17 5 5 18 7.6 7.7 19 4.5 4.5 20 6 6.1 21 4.2 4.2 22 3.6 3.6 23 2.5 2.5 24 2.7 2.7 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 3 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124:75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr PRC for protocol. F Sa 3 0 3.2 3.2 2 1.6 1.6 4 -1 -1 6 -1 -1 8 -2 -2 10 -2.5 -2.5 12 -4 -4 13 -7 -7.1 14 -7 -7.1 15 -10 -10.1 16 9.5 9.6 17 5 5 18 4 4 19 4.2 4.2 20 4.5 4.5 21 5 5 22 3.5 3.5 23 3 3 24 3.2 3.2 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 4 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol. F Sa 4 0 0.3 0.3 2 1.5 1.5 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 -3.5 -3.5 10 -3 -3 12 -3.8 -3.8 13 -7 -7.1 14 -6 -6.1 15 -11.5 -11.6 16 9 9.1 17 8.5 8.6 18 7.5 7.6 19 5.5 5.5 20 4 4 21 4.5 4.5 22 4 4 23 2.6 2.6 24 0.3 0.3 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 5 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol. F Sa 5 0 0.3 0.3 2 3 3 4 -1.5 -1.5 6 -0.5 -0.5 8 -2.5 -2.5 10 -2.7 -2.7 12 -5.5 -5.5 13 -10.5 -10.6 14 -11 -11.1 15 -10.5 -10.6 16 7 7.1 17 7 7.1 18 8 8.1 19 4.5 4.5 20 2.5 2.5 21 1 1 22 1.5 1.5 23 0.1 0.1 24 0.3 0.3 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 6 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol. F Sa 6 0 1 1 2 -1.5 -1.5 4 -1.7 -1.7 6 -2 -2 8 -2 -2 10 -7.5 -7.6 12 -7.5 -7.6 13 -9 -9.1 14 -11 -11.1 16 10 10.1 17 11 11.1 18 5.5 5.5 19 7.5 7.6 20 3.2 3.2 21 1.5 1.5 22 3.5 3.5 24 1 1 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 8 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D. S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol. F Sa 7 0 -2.2 -2.2 2 0 0 4 -1.5 -1.5 6 -1.5 -1.5 8 -3.5 -3.5 10 -4 -4 12 -7.8 -7.9 13 -8.5 -8.6 14 -10.5 -10.6 15 11.9 12 16 7.8 7.9 17 10 10.1 18 8 8.1 19 3.5 3.5 20 4.5 4.5 21 3.2 3.2 22 1.7 1.7 23 3 3 24 -2.2 -2.2 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 10 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol F Sa 8 0 1.2 1.2 2 -1.3 -1.3 6 -2 -2 9 -4 -4 12 -11.5 -11.6 13 11.5 11.6 14 9.5 9.6 15 9.5 9.6 16 7.5 7.6 17 4.5 4.5 18 1.5 1.5 19 4 4 20 3 3 21 2 2 22 1 1 24 1.2 1.2 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 12 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty The LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr. PRC for protocol. F Sa 9 0 0.5 0.5 2 -3.5 -3.5 4 -5 -5 6 -6 -6.1 8 -8 -8.1 10 -8.5 -8.6 11 -11.5 -11.6 13 9.5 9.6 14 7.8 7.9 15 6.5 6.6 16 5.5 5.5 17 5 5 18 4.5 4.5 19 3.5 3.5 20 2.5 2.5 21 2.5 2.5 22 0.5 0.5 23 1 1 24 0.5 0.5 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 14 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty the LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D. S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr PRC for protocol. F Sa 10 0 -2 -2 2 -5 -5 4 -4.2 -4.2 6 -6 -6.1 8 -8 -8.1 10 -7.8 -7.9 12 7 7.1 14 4.5 4.5 16 4 4 18 3.5 3.5 20 3 3 22 -0.1 -0.1 24 -2 -2 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 16 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty the LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D.S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr PRC for protocol. F Sa 11 0 -5.8 -5.8 2 -8 -8.1 4 -10 -10.1 6 -11 -11.1 8 7.5 7.6 10 8.5 8.6 12 3.5 3.5 14 1 1 16 2 2 18 -1.5 -1.5 20 -1 -1 22 -3.5 -3.5 24 -5.8 -5.8 Sarcophaga argyrostoma Light 60-100 lux 20 beginning of light pulse seventeen to twenty the LL to DD transition is CT 12 "Saunders, D. S." J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 75-95 1978 pupal eclosion median of eclosion peak 23.8 DD 25 See 1 hr PRC for protocol. G Ec 1 2.4 -1.3 -1.3 2.8 -2.8 -2.8 3.2 -1.9 -1.9 4.1 -2.5 -2.5 4.5 -2 -2 7.3 3.7 3.7 7.6 4.9 4.9 8.5 1.9 1.9 10.3 1.2 1.2 13.1 -1.3 -1.3 14.8 -4.2 -4.2 16.4 -3.1 -3.1 16.8 -2.2 -2.2 19.7 4.3 4.3 20.2 1.7 1.7 20.5 3.3 3.3 20.9 3.4 3.4 21.3 4.3 4.3 22 1.9 1.9 Excirolana chiltoni Other vigorous mechanical shaking (see comments) 2 beginning of stimulus pulse see comments onset of swimming activity "Enright, J. T." J. comp. Physiol. 107: 13-37 1976 swimming activity of individual isopods onset of activity about 24.8 dim LL (0.1 lux) 20 The period of the exogenous tidal rhythm averages 24.8 hrs. Stimulus: animal placed in 1 liter flasks with 300 ml seawater and 10 g of sand. The flasks were shaken on a "shaker table (180 cycles/min) for 10 sec. each minute, followed by 50 sec. of quiet. This treatment was continued for 2 hrs, after which the animals were returned to their monitoring aquaria." "Enright plotted his phase-shifts relative to activity onset. Since his animals were collected, in all cases, 2-4 days before the day of highest spring tides, the animals began " "swimming at a time which corresponded to onset of high tide. Therefore, activity onset corresponds here to the onset of the presumed entraining stimulus and is here defined" as CT 0 (circa-tidal time zero). Phase-shift computation: least-square regression lines were fit through activity onsets for at least 3 days before and 3 days after the stimulus. "Each series was extrapolated to the day after the pulse, & the difference between the 2 lines is the phase-shift. These estimated phase-shifts were subjected to stringent statistical analysis. " Only those phase-shifts which were statistically significant on the basis of this 2-regression-line analysis are plotted here. "Transients were often observed after phase advances, but were rarely observed after phase delay phase-shifts." G Ec 2 0.9 0 0 1.7 -0.7 -0.7 3.2 -0.6 -0.6 3.6 -1.6 -1.6 5.7 -1 -1 8.9 0.8 0.8 9.8 2.4 2.4 10 2.1 2.1 10.3 1.2 1.2 10.8 0.7 0.7 11.1 1 1 11.7 0 0 12.2 0.5 0.5 12.7 0 0 20.7 2.6 2.6 21.7 1.9 1.9 22.4 2.2 2.2 22.8 2 2 22.9 1.6 1.6 23.4 1.4 1.4 23.7 1.5 1.5 23.9 0.7 0.7 Excirolana chilitoni Other vigorous mechanical shaking (see comments) 2 beginning of stimulus pulse 2 to 4 1.5 hrs before the peak population activity "Enright, J. T. " "In: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, pp 103-104" swimming activity of populations of isopods peak of activity (see comments) about 24.8 LL (400 lux) 18 "The phase-ref point for the populations is the midpoint of the activity peak, whereas phase ref for individuals is onset of activity. " "Since activity generally begins about 1.5 hrs before the maximum activity in a population is achieved, " 1.5 circa-tidal hrs have here been added to Enright's circa-tidal times (abscissa values) so that the PRCs for individuals and populations may be directly compared. See previous PRC for further comments. G Lp 1 0 0.3 0.3 2.7 -0.5 -0.5 4.7 -0.5 -0.5 6 0.7 0.7 8.2 0 0 9.2 -0.5 -0.5 11.7 0.7 0.7 12.5 -1 -1 13.7 -1.5 -1.5 15 -3.7 -3.7 15.5 -3 -3 16 -3.6 -3.6 17 -2 -2 17.8 0 0 18.1 2.9 2.9 19.7 2.6 2.6 20.5 2.4 2.4 20.7 3.1 3.1 22 1 1 24 0.3 0.3 Limulus polyphemus Light Light 2 onset of light pulse 1 (see below) see below Barlow J. Neurosci. 3: 856-870 1983 electroretinogram (ERG) response see below 23.9 +- 0.7 DD 18 "Phase ref point: The animal's ""subjective night length"" is defined as the number of hrs the ERG amplitude exceeds 25% of the difference between the daytime and nighttime levels. " "The onset and offset of this ""subjective night"" were used interchangeable as the phase ref point for determining phase shifts." "Def. of CT 0: the middle of the ""subjective night"" (as defined above) is taken as CT 18. Therefore, CT 0 occurs 6 circadian hrs after the middle of the ""subjective night""." "No transients were observed - consequently, phase shifts were routinely calculated from the first cycle after the light stimulus." G Pb 1 1.8 0 0 3.8 0 0 5.8 0 0 7.8 -0.4 -0.4 9.8 -1 -1 11.8 -1.7 -1.7 13.8 -2.2 -2.2 15.8 -4.8 -4.9 17.8 8.4 8.6 19.8 3.7 3.8 21.3 1.6 1.6 22.8 0.6 0.6 Procambarus bouvieri Light 200 Lux 0.25 beginning of light pulse 4 12 circadian hrs before phase ref (see below) Fuentes-Pardo and Ramos-Carvajal Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74A: 711-714 1953 electroretinogram (ERG) response see below 23.5 DD; except for test stimuli 19 Phase ref for rhythm = that point of the cycle which is the half-maximal rising phase. "This phase occurs at dusk in an LD 12:12 cycle (Fuentes-Pardo, personal communication), so it is taken as CT 12. In the" " original figure, however, (1) phase ref was plotted as CTO, and (2) stimulus time was defined as the end of the pulse; these have been converted to the standard PRC Atlas format." G Up 1 5 -3.8 11 -4.7 17 -4.3 23 -3.4 Uca pugnax Temp ? -> 6 -> ? C 6 beginning of low temperature pulse 1 to 5 12 hrs before transfer to DD "Webb, Bennett, Graves, Stephens" Biol. Bull. 105: 386-387 1953 diurnal chromatophore rhythm not mentioned not mentioned "none, in DD" "not mentioned, probably 20-26 degrees C" G Up 2 2 -1.7 8 -4.4 14 -2.8 20 -3.4 Uca pugnax Temp ? -> 9.5 -> ? C 12 beginning of temperature pulse not mentioned beginning of light period of previous LD "Stephens, G. C." Physiol. Zool. 30: 55-69 1957 diurnal chromatophore rhythm not mentioned not mentioned none; in DD room temperature; 20-26 degrees C The delays here noted are averages of 2 separate experiments. H Al 1 1.5 -0.5 -0.5 2.7 -0.4 -0.4 3.6 -0.7 -0.7 4.4 -0.8 -0.8 6.5 -1.2 -1.2 12 -2.2 -2.2 14.5 -0.2 -0.2 17.5 -0.01 -0.01 19.7 0.5 0.5 21 0.3 0.3 22.5 0.4 0.4 Ammospermophilus leucurus Light 100 lux incandescent 0.25 beginning of light pulse none activity onset "Kramm, K. R." J. interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 7(2): 127-138 1976 """wheel running"" activity" activity onset about 24.2 hrs "none, in DD" 20 Only phase shifts which are significant (p< 0.05) by analysis of covariance are plotted here. Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/ 24 circadian hrs) "Forty pulse experiments, conducted with 14 squirrels, resulted in 19 significant (p < 0.05) phase shifts by analysis of covariance. Only significant shifts are plotted here." H Al 2 1 -0.2 -0.2 17.7 0.3 0.3 18 1 1 18.4 0.7 0.7 21.2 0.5 0.5 Ammospermophilus leucurus Light 600 lux incandescent 6 initiation of light pulse none activity onset "Kramm, K. R." J. interdiscipl. Cycle Res. Z(2): 127-138 1976 """wheel running"" activity" activity onset about 24.2 "none, in DD" 20 "Sixteen pulse experiments, conducted with 14 squirrels, resulted in 6 significant (p < 0.05) phase shifts by analysis of covariance. Only significant shifts are plotted here." Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hrs). H Al 3 0 0.5 0.5 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 7 -0.4 -0.4 8 -0.6 -0.6 9 0 0 11 0.5 0.5 15 0 0 17 0.7 0.7 18 1.4 1.4 19 1.4 1.4 20 2.6 2.6 21 1 1 24 0.5 0.5 Ammospermophilus leucurus Light 500 lux fluorescent white 6 onset of light 31425 activity onset "Pohl, H." Comp. Biochem Physiol. 76B:723-729 1983 """wheel running"" activity" activity onset 23.5-25.2 1 lux 20 """Stimulus CT"" are placed in bins of for full hrs. As criteria, all values from 0.6 to 1.5 h are combined to hr 1, from 1.6 to 2.5 hr to hr 2, etc." Only data from animals showing monophasic activity rhythms (N=7) were used for the PRC. A. leucurus is a day active rodent. H Al 4 1 0.2 0.2 4 0.2 0.2 6.7 -0.2 -0.2 8.4 -0.8 -0.8 10 -0.4 -0.4 11.7 -1.1 -1.1 13.7 -1.5 -1.5 14.3 -1 -1 16 -1.5 -1.5 20 -1.3 -1.3 22.3 -0.8 -0.8 23.3 -1.5 -1.5 Ammospermophilus leucurus Light incandescent light - DD to LL light step step time of DD to LL step none activity onset "Kramm, K. R." Die Naturwiss 61: 34 1974 """wheel running"" activity" activity onset see below "DD, then LL" 21 "LL was of 3 different intensities: 100, 620 and 1200 lux. The magnitude of phase shift isn't significantly different at different LL intensities, so the data are here combined. " Data are derived from 26 squirrels. "Kramm's paper also describes the effect of LL to DD transitions - no clear pattern emerges, so the data are not reproduced here." Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hrs). "Period in DD = 24.44 +- 0.38 hrs (+- S. D.), period in LL = 24.25 +- 0.33 hrs (+- S.D.). (K. R. Kramm, personal communication.)" Period in LL was used here for converting real hrs into circadian hrs. H Dm 1 0 0.8 0.8 1 0.5 0.5 2 0.4 0.4 3 1.1 1.1 4 1.1 1.1 5 0 0 6 1 1 7 0 0 8 0.1 0.1 9 -0.7 -0.7 10 -0.2 -0.2 11 0 0 12 -0.7 -0.7 13 -0.2 -0.2 15 0 0 17 0 0 18 0 0 19 -0.5 -0.5 20 -0.2 -0.2 21 1 1 22 0 0 24 0.8 0.8 Dipodomys merriami Light "about 35 lux, incandescent light" 1 ? none 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Natalini, John" Physiol. Zool. 45(2): 153-166 1972 locomotor activity activity onset 24.58 hrs for animal #4 "dim, about 4 lux" 20 "Natalini's paper shows 2 individuals' PRCs, those of animals #4 (period = 24.58) and #5 (period = 23.22). Since the 2 PRCs are essentially ""mirror images"" of each other " "(#4's advances are at the same time as #5s delays), to give an average PRC would be to give a zero PRC. Therefore, only one PRC is given, that of animal #4, since its PRC has more points." "Natalini states that PRCs from animals with period > 24 hrs are ""mirror images"" of PRCs from animals of period > 24 hrs." "These phase responses are the shift of the first phase ref. following the stimulus and are ""usually transient."" By the third onset, the original phase was usually reestablished." H Gd 1 1.2 2 6 1 13.1 -2 14 -2 19.1 4 20.2 5.1 Gallus domesticus Light 1325 Lux 4 onset of the light pulse 1 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of LD 12:12" "Binkley, Muller and Hernandez" J. Neurochem. 37: 798-800 1981 N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity see comments ? DD ? "Chicks were raised in LD 12:12 for 3 weeks, them placed into DD. Light pulses were administered to the chicks during the first 24 hrs after DD release. Following the light pulses, " the chicks remained in DD until they were sequentially killed by decapitation and the N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity of their pineal glands assayed. Def. of phase ref - phase ref is the point following the greatest rise of NAT activity approaching the first maximum. A PRC for 1 hr light pulses has also been determined; it looks similar except that the magnitude of the advance phase shifts is less (< = 2 hrs). Also see J. Neurochem. 41: 273-276 (1983). H Gd 2 1 0 0 6 -2 -2 13 4 4 14 6 6 19 0 0 20 0 0 Gallus domesticus (pineal) Dark 200->0->200lux 4 onset of stimulus pulse 1 lights-on of pretreatment LD12:12 (when NAT drops to 0) "Binkley, Mosher, White" J. Neurochem. 45:875-878 1985 Pineal gland N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) in vivo Greatest increase of NAT 24 LL:200lux 19-25 "Protocol: The chicks were raised in groups of 40 in brooders from day 1 of age in LD 12:12 (lights-on 10 p.m. to 10 a.m., intensity of light = 300 lux)." "After 3 weeks, the chicks were placed in groups in containers in LL (200 lux) during their normal light-time. Dark pulses were applied scanning a cycle beginning at CT 13 of the first day in LL." Phase shifts were calculated as the difference between the times of NAT greatest increase between LL control and the chicks that were pulsed. N=24 chicks per pulse to obtain NAT graph (N=4 chicks per data point) for each pulse to calculate each phase shift. H Gv 1 0 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.1 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 10 0 0 11 0 0 12 -0.9 -0.9 13 -0.5 -0.5 14 -0.5 -0.5 15 -0.4 -0.4 16 -0.4 -0.4 17 -0.2 -0.2 18 -0.1 -0.1 19 0 0 20 0.1 0.1 21 0.1 0.1 22 0.2 0.2 23 0.2 0.2 24 0.2 0.2 Glaucomys volans Light 0.5 FtC incandescent light 0.16 time of light pulse first onset after pulse 12 circadian hrs before onset of activity "DeCoursey, P. J. " Zeit. vergl. Phys. 44: 331-354 1961 running wheel activity onset of activity averages 23.7 none; in DD 20 The phase shifts recorded here are the average of 2 individual squirrels' phase shifts. H Gv 2 0 0.3 0.3 2 0.2 0.2 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 10 -0.05 -0.05 11 -0.2 -0.2 12 -0.7 -0.7 13 -1.1 -1.1 16 -0.6 -0.6 18 -0.4 -0.4 19 -0.2 -0.2 20 -0.1 -0.1 21 0.1 0.1 22 0.2 0.2 24 0.3 0.3 Glaucomys volane Light dim white 0.16 Onset of pulse 7 (extrapolated) 12 circadian hrs before phase ref. P.J. DeCoursey J. Comp Physiol 159:161-169 1986 wheel running locomotor activity Onset of running about 23.9 DD 20 PRC is based on pooled data of 104 pulses for 9 individuals including nearly complete curves for 8 individuals. DeCoursey has also measured PRCs in Glaucomys to monochromatic green (500 nm) and red (620nm) light pulses (15 min). The PRC to green light is very similar to the white light PRC; the red light PRC is also very similar to the white light PRC except that the magnitude of delay phase resetting is less for red light pulses. These green and red light PRCs have not yet been published. H Hs 1 0 -1.1 -1.1 1 -0.1 -0.1 2 -1.7 -1.7 4 1.6 1.6 6 -0.9 -0.9 8 -2.2 -2.2 10 -4.1 -4.1 12 -4.7 -4.7 14 -6.2 -6.2 16 -5.5 -5.5 17 -7.4 -7.4 18 -9.4 -9.4 18.3 10.4 10.4 18.7 9.4 9.4 19 8.6 8.6 19.3 9.1 9.1 19.7 5 5 20 5.1 5.1 21 4.4 4.4 22 3.2 3.2 23 2.1 2.1 Homo sapiens Light see comments 3 - see comments Midpoint of overall light exposure - 2.5 hr (see comments) 1-3 cycles (see comments) 3 hrs after core body temperature trough (see comments) "Czeisler, C.A. et al." Science 244:1328-1333 1989 Core body temperature Min. of fitted temp. wave form ( see comments) 24.2 no free run 74 deg F Protocol: Initial circadian phase was assessed by fitting a 2-harmonic regression model to the core body temperature data measured in a constant routine protocol. The phase assessment "was followed by a light stimulus consisting of 3 identical cycles of exposure to a daily illuminance pattern that included 5 hrs of bright light (7000-12,000 lux), ordinary" indoor room light (100-200 lux) and darkness. The bright light was provided by a by a bank of either cool white or wide spectrum fluorescent lamps. The phase shifts induced by these "different light sources were equivalent for a given level of illuminance.Following the stimulus, circadian phase was reassessed using the constant routine protocol." Stimulus time: The brightness-weighted midpoint of the overall light exposure (tL) was calculated using the following formula: tL = 7.3*tBL + 2.7*tRL were tBL is the midpoint of bright "light and tRL is the midpoint of room light. In order to be consistent with the other PRCs of this atlas, the time of stimulus here is defined as tL - 2.5 H. SEE MORE COMMENTS BELOW." H Hs 2 0 Homo sapiens See above "CONTINUED FROM ABOVE: Circadian Time: The min of the wave form fitted to the core body temp data is defined as CT 21, since it usually occurs 3 hrs before ""lights-on"" in LD. " "Binning: The data represents 45 data pts. Data from CT2-CT16 were put in 2 h bins, CT16-CT18 and CT20-CT2 were put in 1 h bins, and CT18-CT20 were in .33 h bins. Std errors were less than 2.3 h." "In the asterisked bin, the value of one data pt (a phase delay) was converted into its equivalent phase adv. to avoid an artificially aberrant result when averaged " "with other phase advances in this bin. Transients: Pilot studies indicate that an additional (4th) cycle of exposure did not substantially change the final circadian phase, " suggesting that the transients were largely complete prior to the final phase assessment. The unconventional nature of the stimulus in the PRC has led to criticisms of whether this observation indicates Type 0 or Type 1 resetting. These issues are discussed by Strogatz in J. Biol. Rhythms. 5:169-174 (1990). H Ma 1 0 0.2 2 0.04 4 -0.01 6 -0.3 8 -0.1 10 -0.3 12 -1 14 -0.9 16 0.8 18 1.9 20 1.7 22 0.9 24 0.2 Mesocricetus auratus Light "about 100 lux, fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Daan, S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" J. comp. Physiol. 106: 253-266 1970 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity 24 none; in DD 20 Light pulses were administered to animals in steady-state free-run. H Ma 2 4 0.1 0.1 8 0 0 10 0 0 12 -0.2 -0.2 13 -0.8 -0.8 14 -1.2 -1.2 15 -0.6 -0.6 17 0.2 0.2 18 2.3 2.3 19 1.7 1.7 20 1 1 21 0.8 0.8 22 0.2 0.2 Mesocricetus auratus Light "0.5 FtC , incandescent light" 0.18 time of light pulse 1 to 15 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "DeCoursey, P. J. " J. Cell and Comp. Physiol. 63: 189-196 1964 running wheel activity onset of activity about 24..1 none; in DD 20 "Transients: advances were characterized by obvious transients, whereas few or no transients were observed after delay phase shifts." H Ma 3 0 0.3 0.3 8 -0.3 -0.3 10 -2 -2 12 -2.2 -2.2 14 -2 -2 15 1.8 1.8 16 3 3 20 2.5 2.5 24 0.3 0.3 Mesocricetus auratus Light 50 Lux 4 onset of light pulse between stimulus and extrapolated onsets before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs after activity onset "Burchard, J. E. " "Ph. D. thesis, Princeton" 1958 wheel-running activity onset of activity about 24 DD about 23 Light pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. This PRC is the composite of 2 individual male hamsters' PRC (hamsters #10 and18). H Ma 4 1 -0.5 -0.5 4 -2 -2 6 -2.5 -2.5 7 -3 -3 8 -4.2 -4.2 9 -2.5 -2.5 10 -2.5 -2.5 12 5 5 14 4.6 4.6 16 10 10 19 4 4 20 4 4 Mesocricetus auratus Light 50 Lux 12 onset of light pulse between stimulus and extrapolated onsets before and after pulse 12 circadian hrs after activity onset "Burchard, J. E. " "Ph. D. thesis, Princeton" 1958 wheel running activity onset of activity about 24 DD about 23 Light pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. "This PRC is the composite of 3 individual male hamsters' PRCs (hamsters #10, 13 and 18)." H Ma 5 0 0.4 0.4 2 0.1 0.1 6 0 0 9 0 0 11 0 0 12 -0.3 -0.3 13 -0.8 -0.8 14 -2.8 -2.8 15 -0.5 -0.5 15.5 0 0 17 1 1 17.5 2.2 2.2 18.5 2.3 2.3 19 2.2 2.2 21 0.8 0.8 22 0.5 0.5 24 0.4 0.4 Mesocricetus auratus Light "about 100 lux, white fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse none 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Stetson, M. and J. Gibson" J. expt. Zool. 201: 289-294 1977 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity "not stated, probably about 24.1 " "none, in DD" 22-24 H Ma 6 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.5 0 0 2.5 0 0 3.5 0 0 4.5 0 0 9.5 0 0 10.5 -0.3 -0.3 11.5 0.4 0.4 12.5 -1.3 -1.3 13.5 -1.6 -1.6 14.5 -1.2 -1.2 15.5 0.9 0.9 16.5 3.4 3.4 17.5 2.2 2.2 18.5 3.5 3.5 19.5 1.3 1.3 20.5 1.6 1.6 21.5 0.8 0.8 22.5 1.4 1.4 23.5 1 1 Mesocricetus auratus Light "50-100 lux, fluorescent light" 1 beginning of light pulse see below 12 circadian before activity onset "Elliott, J. " "Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Texas at Austin" 1974 rodent running wheel activity onset of activity about 24.12 none; in DD 22-25 Light pulses were administered in steady-state free runs. "Transients: advances were characterized by obvious transients, whereas delay phase shifts had few or no transients beyond the first cycle after the pulse." H Ma 7 0 -0.1 -0.1 10 0 0 12 -0.4 -0.4 13 -0.9 -0.9 14 -0.6 -0.6 15 -0.1 -0.1 16 1.4 1.4 18 2 2 19 1.7 1.7 20 1.3 1.3 21 1 1 22 0.4 0.4 24 -0.1 -0.1 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light at least 3 (see below) 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliott, J." "unpublished, Hopkins Marine Station" 1981 rodent running wheel activity onset of activity 24.12 hrs. "none, DD" 20-25 Light pulses were administered in the fifth cycle of DD free-runs after prolonged entrainment to LD 14:10. This is taken as the standard PRC for 15 minute pulses in studies (see PRC # H41-H47) of the resetting and history dependent properties of the circadian pacemaker for hamster wheel running activity. The plotted points are means for groups of animals pulsed at the indicated CT (+- 0.5h). The steady state shift (phase change ss) was "measured in the customary way using eye-fit lines and/or linear regression analysis (see Daan and Pittendrigh, J. comp. Physiol. 106: 253-266, 1976 p. 255). " "Transients: advances were characterized by obvious transients (4-5 cycles for larger shifts), whereas delays were accomplished with few (typically 1-2) transient cycles. " Phase change ss values are based on at least 5 cycles of free-run after transients subsided. This asymmetry in transients is reflected in the PRC based on the initial shift (phase change i) observed on day 6 of DD which is characterized by much smaller advances (data not shown). H Ma 8 0 0.67 0.67 10 -0.2 -0.2 12 -1.18 -1.18 13 -1.24 -1.24 14 -0.96 -0.96 16 1.19 1.19 18 2.02 2.02 20 1.41 1.41 24 0.67 0.67 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light at least 3 (see PRC #H40) 12 circadian hrs before activity onset " Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished 1981 wheel running activity activity onset 24.1 "none, DD" 20-25 Light pulses were administered in the 5th or 10th cycle of DD free-runs after prolonged entrainment to a short photoperiod (LD 10:14). "Result: compared to the PRC measured after LD 14:10 there is an increase in the magnitude of phase ref responses in both the early (ct 12, 14) and" "late (ct 21, 24) subjective night reminiscent of the PRC measured after entrainment to T>24 hrs. " Although period is not lengthened by entrainment to LD 10:14 there is a significant lengthening of _ comparable to after entrainment to T = 24.67 hrs. H Ma 9 0 0.15 0.15 10 -0.37 -0.37 12 -0.39 -0.39 13 -0.28 -0.28 14 0.01 0.01 16 1.21 1.21 18 0.64 0.64 21 0.49 0.49 24 0.15 0.15 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light see PRC #H-40 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished wheel running activity activity onset 24 none; DD 20-25 Light pulses were administered in the 5th cycle of DD free-runs after prolonged entrainment to LD 18:6. Other details as described for PRC #H-40. Result: The marked reduction in the magnitude of phase shifts in both the early and late subjective night is evidence for an effect or photoperiod on PRC shape. The distortion of PRC shape may find some explanation in the observation of pronounced advancing transients following transfer from LD 18:6 to DD. The short and period observed in these pre-pulse free runs was reminiscent of the transients following a phase advance. H Ma 10 0 -0.08 -0.08 10 -0.05 -0.05 12 -0.29 -0.29 14 -0.65 -0.65 16 0.36 0.36 18 1.12 1.12 21 -0.51 -0.51 24 -0.08 -0.08 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light see PRC # H-40 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished 1981 wheel running activity onset of activity 23.82 hrs. none; DD 20-25 Light pulses were administered in the 5th cycle of DD free runs after prolonged entrainment to T=23.3 hrs. (LD 1:22.3) to test the prediction that the after effects of entrainment to T<24 hrs observed in the activity rhythm (shortening of period and) would be correlated with a change in the state of the complex pacemaker as indicated by a change in its PRC. "Principal result: PRC shape co-varies with period and _ in the direction predicted by the 2-oscillator model. Compared to the standard curve (PRC #H-40," measured after entrainment to T24) there is a significant decrease in the magnitude of phase advances at CT 18 and CT 21 and a clear reduction in the D/A ratio. H Ma 11 0 -0.13 -0.13 10 -0.34 -0.34 12 -1.63 -1.63 13 -1.67 -1.67 14 -1.84 -1.84 16 -0.25 -0.25 18 1.53 1.53 19 1.79 1.79 21 1.78 1.78 24 -0.13 -0.13 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light see PRC #H-40 12 circadian hrs before onset "Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished 1981 wheel running onset of activity 24.34 hrs. none; in DD 20-25 Light pulses were administered in the first or third week (days 5 & 21) of DD free-runs after entrainment to period =24.67 hrs. (LD 1:23.67) to test the prediction that after effects on period and would be associated with a change in PRC shape. Since there were no obvious differences the results from the 2 experiments (pulses on day 5 vs day 21) were combined to increase sample size (combined n=3 to 8; average = 5.7). "Other details as in PRC # H-40. Results: There is an increase in the magnitude of phase shifts elicited at CT 12, 13, 14 and CT 21 and an increase in the D/A ratio." "The change in PRC wave form also involves expansion of the ""responsive fraction"" of the circadian cycle, i.e. delays appear to start earlier and advances to end later on the CT scale." This expanded wave form is correlated with longer in these animals as well as lengthened period. H Ma 12 0 0.16 0.16 10 0.12 0.12 12 -0.14 -0.14 13 -0.58 -0.58 14 -0.99 -0.99 15 0.17 0.17 16 1.36 1.36 18 2.01 2 19 2.41 2.4 20 1.78 1.77 22 0.88 0.88 24 0.16 0.16 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light see PRC #H-40 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished 1981 wheel running onset of activity 24.07 hrs none; in DD 20-25 Two pulse experiment: all animals received an initial pulse at CT 13 in the 5 th cycle of DD free-runs after entrainment to LD 14:10. The PRC was measured with a series of """tests"" pulses given at the indicated CT in the cycle (day 6 of DD) immediately following the initial pulse. " The CT scale is that projected from the free-runs (days 1-5) prior to the initial pulse at CT 13. Result: As expected from the response of the activity rhythm the PRC shows an obvious phase delay in the first cycle following a "pulse at CT 13 whose magnitude (=1h) agrees favorably with the steady state shift in the activity rhythm of single pulse (ct 13) controls phase change = 0.95 hrs (n=28, 5.0=0.24). " The lack of any obvious distortion of PRC wave form is correlated with the absence of significant change in period or alpha. H Ma 13 0 0.31 0.31 10 -0.15 -0.15 11 -0.09 -0.09 12 -0.11 -0.11 13 -0.65 -0.65 14 0.02 0.02 15 0.75 0.75 16 1.67 1.67 18 1.47 1.47 21 0.28 0.28 24 0.31 0.31 Mesocricetus auratus Light about 100 lux fluorescent 0.25 onset of light at least 3 (see PRC # H-40) 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliott, J. and Hopkins Marine Station" unpublished 1981 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.11 hrs. "none, DD" 20-25 Two pulse experiment: All animals (n=42) received on initial pulse at CT 18 in the 5th cycle of DD free-runs after entrainment to LD 14:10 with the PRC measured with a series of second pulses given at different CT on day 6 as described for PRC #H-45. "Additional experiments (not shown) measured the PRC on days 5, 7, 11 of DD i.e. 0, 2 and 6 cycles after the first pulse at CT 18 given on day 5." Results: Compared to the expected PRC (#H-40) there is an obvious phase advance in both the break point (phase change = h) and in the peak of phase advances (phase change = 2h) which is shifted froward on the projected CT scale CT 16 to CT 18. A significant phase delay was observed only at CT 13 suggesting compression of the delay region of the system PRC. "The distortion of PRC shape is correlated with the compression of alpha and advancing transients - PRC shape, _ and period all return to normal by 6 days after the pulse at CT 18." H Ma 14 0 1.84 1.84 10 -0.03 -0.03 14 -1.8 -1.8 16 -2.71 -2.71 18 -9.31 -9.29 21 4.61 4.6 24 1.84 1.84 Mesocricetus auratus (large alpha) Light about 100 lux fluorescent 1 onset of light pulse at least 3 (see PRC # H-40) 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Elliot, J." unpublished rodent running wheel activity onset of activity 24.04; none (DD) 20-25 Protocol: Light pulses were administered on the 14th day of DD after release from entrainment to LD 10:14 light cycle in which a dim red light (about 0.5 lux) was on " during the 14 h dark phase. For the experiment, animals were transferred to light tight boxes and maintained in total darkness before and after the stimulus. " Plotted values are means of phase change values in 2h bins of CT (see PRC # H-40 for other details). Results: The high amplitude (type 0) resetting encountered in this experiment is most probably functionally correlated with the very large alpha "characteristic of nearly all the animals tested (range of alpha was 9.6 - 15.01 h, n=33). " "The possible role of the prior dim red light exposure in generating the large alpha and/or large amplitude resetting, however, is not known." H Ma 15 1.5 -0.04 -0.04 6.5 0.07 0.07 10 0 0 13.5 -1.99 -1.98 15.5 0.58 0.58 18.5 2.8 2.77 22.5 0.92 0.91 Mesocricetus auratus Light 10-50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 5-10 cycles 12 circadian hrs before phase ref "Ellis, G. B., R. E. McKlveen, and F. W. Turek " Am. J. Physiol. 242: R44 1982 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.2 none; in DD 22-25 These were male hamsters that had been sham-pineal-ectomized on day 55 of DD. "Light pulses were administered on days 70, 85, 105, 136, 157, 179, and 203 of DD exposure." H Ma 16 1.5 -0.03 -0.03 6.5 -0.08 -0.08 10 -0.02 -0.02 13.5 -2.37 -2.35 15.5 0.66 0.66 18.5 2.81 2.79 22.5 1.42 1.41 Mesocricetus auratus (pinealectomized) Light 10-50 lux 1 beginning of light pulse 5-10 cycles 12 circadian hrs before phase ref "Ellis, G. B., R. E. McKlveen, and F. W. Turek" Am. J. Physiol. 242: R44 1982 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.2 none; in DD 22-25 These were male hamsters that had been pinealectomized on day 55 of DD. "Light pulses were administered on days 70, 85, 105, 136, 157, 179, and 203 of DD exposure." H Ma 17 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0.69 0.68 9 0.2 0.2 10 0.98 0.96 11 0.83 0.82 12 0.38 0.37 13 0.58 0.57 14 0.5 0.49 15 0.36 0.35 16 -0.14 -0.14 17 1.4 1.38 18 0 0 19 -0.1 -0.1 20 0.04 0.04 21 -0.67 -0.66 22 0 0 23 0.2 0.2 24 0 0 Mesocricetus auratus Dark 0 3 beginning of dark pulse 1 cycle 12 circadian hrs before phase ref "Ellis, G. B., R. E. McKlveen, F. W. Turek" Am. J. Physiol. 242: R44 1982 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.4 10-100 lux 22-25 These were normal male hamsters that exhibited coherent daily activity patterns in LL. Dark pulses were administered at approximately 21- day intervals through 180 days of LL. H Ma 18 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 -0.04 -0.04 8 0 0 10 0 0 12 -0.31 -0.31 12 -0.25 -0.25 13.5 -0.47 -0.47 14 -0.5 -0.5 16 -0.13 -0.13 18 0.14 0.14 19 0.6 0.6 20 0.37 0.37 22 0.04 0.04 Mesocricetus auratus Light 250-300 lux; incandescent light (1 sec) 0.00028 onset of light pulse see below 12 circadian hrs prior to activity onset "Earnest, D. J. and F. W. Turek" unpublished wheel-running activity onset of activity 24.05 hrs (n=17) none; in DD 22-25 Light pulses were administered during steady-state free-runs. The observed phase change for each real time and circadian time point represents the mean values for a group of animals. The phase shifting effects of 11-second light pulses were assessed by visually inspecting the chart record for each animal. A line was drawn through the daily activity onsets for the 5 days preceding the pulse and a time of activity onset for the succeeding day was projected. " In addition, the daily activity onsets for 5-10 days after the pulse (i.e. once a new steady-state was achieved) were used as ref points and a line " through these points was extended back to obtain a time of activity onset for the cycle following the pulse. " This "" retrojected"" time of activity onset was subtracted from the projected time of activity onset, yielding the magnitude of the shift in the phase of activity onset induced by the pulse." H Ma 19 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 -0.1 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 10 -0.1 0 12 -0.8 0 14 -1.1 0 16 2.3 0 18 2.2 0 20 1.5 0 22 0.2 0 24 0 0 Mesocricetus auratus Light 350 Lux 1 onset of pulse 7-14 days (extrapolated) 12 circadian hrs before the phase refl. Takahashi et al Nature 308: 186-188 1984 Wheel running (locomotor activity) Onset of activity 24.1 DD 20 "Hamsters were entrained to LD 14:10 then released into DD for 7 days, at which day the light pulse was administered." H Ma 20 0 1.6 1.6 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 -0.2 -0.2 8 0 0 9 -0.3 -0.3 10 -0.3 -0.3 11 -0.4 -0.4 12 -1.4 -1.4 13 -2.5 -2.5 14 -2.8 -2.8 15 -2.7 -2.7 16 -5.7 -5.7 17 -9.6 -9.6 18 7.2 7.2 19 8 8 20 3.8 3.8 21 3.4 3.4 23 1.9 1.9 Mesocricetus auratus HAN:aura Light "150 lux, fluorescent white light" 1 onset of pulse 1-14 12 circadian hrs before activity onset. "Pohl, H. " Physiol. Zool. 57:509-520 1984 Wheel running Onset of activity 24.2 "0.02-0.05 lux, DD" 20 "Since the ""stimulus CT"" were more than 24 and not integers, the data points are placed in bins for each full hr. " "As criteria, all ""stimulus CT"" from 0.6 to 1.5 hr are combined to Hr 1, from 1.6 to 2.5 hr to Hr 2, etc." "Transients: Advance phase shifts were achieved by several transient cycles, whereas few or no transients were observed after the delay shifts." "The data measured during the free reuns at 0.02-0.05 lux were combined with those measured at total darkness (DD), since there were no significant differences." N=18 H Ma 21 0 1 1 2 0.2 0.2 4 0.7 0.7 5 0 0 8 -0.2 -0.2 10 0.3 0.3 11 -1 -1 13 -1.4 -1.4 14 -1.7 -1.7 15 -1.5 -1.5 16 -0.6 -0.6 17 1.1 1.1 18 1.7 1.7 20 2.2 2.2 21 1.5 1.5 23 0.6 0.6 Mesocricetus auratus LAK:LVG Light "150 lux, fluorescent white light" 1 onset of pulse 1-14 12 circadian hrs before activity onset. "Pohl, H. " Physiol. Zool. 57:509-520 1984 Wheel running Onset of activity 23.9 0.02-0.05 lux 20 """Stimulus CT"" are placed in bins for full hrs. As criteria, all values from 0.6 to 1.5 are combined to Hr 1, 1.6 to 2.5 h to Hr 2, etc. " "Transients: Advance phase shifts were achieved by several transient cycles, whereas few or no transients were observed after delay shifts." N=11 H Ma 22 1 -2.1 -2.1 3 -1.5 -1.5 5 -1.5 -1.5 7 -1.7 -1.7 9 -1.5 -1.5 11 -1.8 -1.8 13 -1.8 -1.8 15 0.5 0.5 17 0.8 0.8 19 2.3 2.3 21 1 1 23 0.1 0.1 Mesocricetus auratus Light 175-350 lux dark to light transitions at time of lighting transition 3 . 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Albers Am. J. Physiol. 250:R708-R711 1986 Wheel running Onset of activity Dark: 23.9; Light:23.82 LL 20 "Reported in bins in 2 hrs.; e.g., CT0-2." LL light intensity was 175-350 lux. H Ma 23 1 2.1 2.1 3 2.4 2.4 5 2.3 2.3 7 2.3 2.3 9 1.5 1.4 11 1.7 1.7 13 1.1 1.1 15 0 0 17 -0.2 -0.2 19 1.4 1.4 21 -0.8 -0.8 23 1.9 1.9 Mesocricetus auratus Light 175-350 lux dark to light transitions at time of lighting transition 3 . 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Albers Am. J. Physiol. 250:R708-R711 1986 Wheel running Onset of activity Dark: 23.81; Light:23.91 DD 20 "Reported in bins in 2 hrs.; e.g., CT0-2." LL light intensity was 175-350 lux. H Ma 24 6 -0.3 -2.7 12.3 -8 -8 14.2 -0.3 -0.3 16 -5.7 -5.7 16.7 -3.8 -3.8 17.4 -5.6 -5.6 20 -4.2 -4.2 21.3 -4 -4 Mesocricetus auratus Temp 20->12->20 C hypothermia (see comments) 12 onset of hypothermia pulse extrapolated phase ref before and after pulse see comments "Gibbs, F. P. " Am. J. Physiol. 244: R607-R610 1983 locomotor activity (wheel running) onset of activity about 23.9 hrs (see below) see below 20 "Hypothermia treatment: Hamsters were anesthetized, placed on ice and their fur wetted with ethanol. " Core body temperature was then regulated to 12 degrees C +- 1 degree for the duration of the pulse by heat lamp or ice water treatments as assessed by measurements of the colomic temperature. " Period is not stated, but rough estimates from the raw data suggest it to be about 23.9 hrs." "Light during free run: hamsters were blinded and maintained on a LD 12:12 during free run. In addition to the 12 hr pulse data tabulated here, the author also reports data for 3, 6," " and 24 hr pulses of 12 C hypothermia. For each of these pulse durations, the amount of phase delay is roughly constant over the circadian cycle as follows: " 3 hr pulses yield about 1 hr delays; 6 hr pulses yield about 2.5 hr delays; and 24 hr pulses yield about 13 hr delays. "Ct 0 Def.: not stated in this paper, but it is common practice with hamster data to take CT 0 =12 circadian hrs before phase ref, and therefore it has been" "assumed here that the author abided by that convention. The author did, however, plot the data so that the stimulus time = end of pulse, so this has been changed for the Atlas." H Ma 25 4.4 0.4 0.4 12.7 -0.9 -0.9 12.8 0.3 0.3 13.3 -2 -1.9 18.6 4.2 4.2 19.8 3 3 21.2 0.8 0.8 Mesocricetus auratus (blinded) Electro-Mag electrical stimulation to the SCN (see below) (10 min.) 0.17 time of stimulation onsets extrapolated before and after stimulation 12 circadian hrs before phase ref Rusak and Groos Science 215: 1407-1409 1982 locomotor activity (wheel running) onset of activity not stated; probably about 24.1 hrs. ? blind animals ? These blind hamsters had stainless steel electrodes permanently implanted in their brains which were aimed at the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus). " At the time of stimulus, 100-300 micro A current pulses were passed through the electrodes for 10 min. without handling or otherwise disturbing the animal. " Rhythms of hamsters with electrode placements anterior of lateral to the SCN were not phase-shifted by the electrical stimulation. H Ma 26 0 -0.7 3 0.3 6 1.4 9 0.8 12 0.5 15 0.8 18 -0.1 21 -1.5 Mesocricetus auratus Dark "0 lux in LL (fluorescent light, 80 lux)" 2 onset of dark pulse see below 12 circadian hrs before phase ref "Boulos, Z. and B. Rusak" J. comp. Physiol. 146: 411-417 1982 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.4 LL (80 lux) 25 Predicted time of activity onset on the first day post-pulse was obtained by extrapolation of a least-squares regression line fitted to the 10 daily activity onsets immediately preceding pulse delivery. Then another least-squares regression line was fitted to 10 successive activity onsets starting 4-14 days post-pulse (after all transients had ended) and extrapolated back to the first day post-pulse. Steady-state phase shifts were obtained by subtracting the pre-pulse from the post-pulse extrapolations. "The data in this PRC is pooled into 3-hr bins of the ""circadian time of stimulus."" For example, all dark pulses which were presented at CT 0-3 are plotted at CT 0, for CT 12-15 at CT 12, etc." N = 37 pulses given to 13 hamsters. H Ma 27 0 -2.2 3 4.1 6 3.9 9 2.1 12 0.4 15 -0.7 18 -1.5 21 -3.7 Mesocricetus auratus Dark "0 lux in LL (fluorescent light, 80 lux)" 6 onset of dark pulse see 2-hr PRC comments 12 circadian hrs before phase ref "Boulos, Z. and B. Rusak" J. comp. Physiol. 146: 411-417 1982 wheel running activity onset of activity 24.5 LL (80 lux) 25 See 2-hr dark pulse PRC. N = 38 pulses given to 13 hamsters. H Ma 28 1 0 0 4 0.7 0.6 7 -0.1 -0.1 10 0.2 0.2 13 0 0 16 -0.3 -0.3 19 -0.3 -0.3 22 0.3 0.3 Mesocricetus auratus Chem Microinjection of saline into SCN injection At time of microinjection 3 . 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Albers & Ferris Neurosci. Lett. 50:163-168 1984 Wheel running Onset of activity about 23.92 LL 20 "Reported in bins in of 3 hrs.; e.g., all microinjections given between CT0-3 reported in CT1." 200 nl of saline administer in a single injection. H Ma 29 0 -0.7 -0.7 2 0.4 0.4 3 0.4 0.4 6 0.9 0.9 8 1 1 9 1 1 10 0.7 0.7 12 0.5 0.5 13 0 0 14 -0.2 -0.2 17 -0.2 -0.2 18 -0.7 -0.7 20 -1.2 -1.2 21 -0.2 -0.2 Mesocricetus auratus Chem microinjection of avian pancreatic polypeptide into suprachiastmatic region injection time of injection at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Albers, Ferris, Leeman and Goldman" Science 223: 833-835 1984 wheel running onset of activity 24 300 lux 20 Microinjections were administered to unanesthetized hamsters after development of steady-state free run-injection was into the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus. Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide (10 pm) or vasopressin (50 pm) in 200 nanoliters of 0.9% NaCl was injected via a 33 gauge needle through chronic guide cannulae. Microinjection of vasopressin into the suprachiasmatic region did not phase-shift the activity rhythm. H Ma 30 1 0.8 0.8 4 2.4 2.4 7 1.6 1.6 10 1.4 1.4 13 -0.6 -0.6 16 -0.7 -0.7 19 -0.7 -0.7 22 -0.1 -0.1 Mesocricetus auratus Chem Microinjection of Neuropeptide Y into SCN injection At time of microinjection 3 . 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Albers & Ferris Neurosci. Lett. 50:163-168 1984 Wheel running Onset of activity about 24.02 LL 20 "Reported in bins in of 3 hrs.; e.g., all microinjections given between CT0-3 reported in CT1." Neuropeptide Y (200 ng in 200 nl of saline) administered in a single injection. H Ma 31 1 0.3 0.2 4 0.1 0.1 7 -0.4 -0.4 10 -1.2 -1.2 13 -1.6 -1.6 16 -0.3 -0.3 19 0 0 22 0.6 0.6 Mesocricetus auratus Chem Microinjection of VIP/PHI/GRP into SCN injection At time of microinjection 3 . 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Albers & Liou Unpublished Wheel running Onset of activity about 23.95 LL 20 "Reported in bins in of 3 hrs.; e.g., all microinjections given between CT0-3 reported in CT1." Microinjections administered into the superchiasmatic region of the hypothalmus. All 3 peptides dissolved in saline and administered together in an equimolar concentration. Total peptide injected was 400 ng in 400 nl of saline. VIP:vasoactive intestinal peptide. PHI: peptide histidine isoleucine; GRP: gastrin releasing peptide. H Ma 32 0 -0.3 -0.3 3 -0.4 -0.4 5 1.5 1.5 9 0.9 0.9 12 -0.4 -0.4 15 -0.5 -0.5 18 -0.3 -0.3 21 -0.5 -0.5 24 -0.3 -0.3 Mesocricetus auratus Chem Midazolam (intraperitoneal injection) injection At time of microinjection See comments 12 circadian hrs before activity onset Wee and Turek Phar. Biochem. Behav. 32:901-906 1989 Locomotor activity Onset of activity 24.1 LL (1-60 lux) 22 "Stimulus: intraperotineal injection of midazolam, a short acting benzodiazepine." Midazolam was dissolved in DMSO; 2.5 mg midazolam was injected in a total volume of 0.1 ml. Phase shifts were calculated as the differences (within 5 minutes) between the extrapolations of the 7-10 onsets before the stimulus and the 7-10 onsets after the stimulus. H Ma 33 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 1.5 -0.1 -0.1 2.3 -0.3 -0.3 3.5 0 0 4.4 0.8 0.8 5.5 0.2 0.2 6.5 0 0 7.3 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 0.6 9.2 0.1 0.1 10.4 0.3 0.3 11.7 0 0 12.3 -0.1 -0.1 13.3 -0.1 -0.1 14.7 0.1 0.1 15.4 0.1 0.1 17.5 -0.2 -0.2 18.1 -0.2 -0.2 19.2 -0.3 -0.3 20.3 -0.2 -0.2 21.8 -0.1 -0.1 23.7 -0.2 -0.2 Mesocricetus auratus Other Novelty-induced exercises for 2 hrs. 2 Onset of 2 hr pulse 1-7 (see below) 12 circadian hrs before CT 12 (CT12 = activity onset) "Reebs, S.G. and N. Mrosovsky" J. Biol. Rhythms 4:39-48 1989 Wheel running activity Onset of activity 23.8-24.4 "None,DD" 21 +-2 20 male hamsters yielded 74 phase shifts (all hamsters were pulsed 2-4 times). The data shown here are often the average of up to 8 data pts per CT. "Phase-shift was the difference between the extrapolated, on the day of the pulse, of 2 regression lines: one fitted through the 7 activity onsets immediately preceding the pulse" ", and 11 through the 7 subsequent onsets (excluding the 1st onset immediately following the pulse)." " The extrapolation of the pre-pulse regression line also defined CT12, from which CT 0 was calculated." "16 control values (phase shifted calc method applied to unmanipulated free-running rhythms of 16 of the 20 hamsters) ranged between -0.4 & 0.3 hr (real time; ave: -0.05 h, S.D.:0.17h)." "Largest individual phase shifts (h): 2.35 (CT4.8), 2.2(CT6.9), 1.55(CT7.3), and 1.1 (CTS 5.4 and 8.1). There is evidence that a longer stimulus (3hr) would yield a PRC of much greater amplitude." H Ma 34 0 0.2 0.2 1 -0.9 -0.8 2 0 0 3 0.1 0.1 4 0.1 0.1 5 1.3 1.2 6 0.4 0.4 7 0.3 0.3 8 0.5 0.5 9 -0.6 -0.6 10 0.7 0.7 11 -0.2 -0.2 12 0.1 0.1 13 -0.3 -0.3 14 -1.8 -1.8 15 0 0 16 -0.2 -0.2 17 -0.1 -0.1 18 -0.2 -0.2 19 0.5 0.5 20 -0.5 -0.5 21 -1 -1 22 0.3 0.3 23 -0.7 -0.7 Mesocricetus auratus Other Cage changing The time the cage was changed See comments CT12=activity onset "Mrosovsky, N." J. Comp. Physiol. A 162:35-46 1988 Wheel running activity Onset of activity variable LL 20-45 lux 20 +- 2 Many CT bins contain more than 1 data point. Means are given here. Therefore bins should not be given equal weight. The data are grouped into 4-hr bins in the original publication. "Some hamsters become very active after cage changing, some remain relatively unmoved." " From the point of view of the hamsters' reactions, cage changing is not a standard stimulus. Variability of phase shifts is to be expected." "The data shown are for the 24 bins. Anything with a CT between 0 and .9999 is shown in the zero bin, etc." Assay of phase shift: activity onsets before and after the cage change were extrapolated and the phase shift calculated from the difference in the extrapolated lines on the day of cage change. H Ma 35 0 -0.6 -0.6 1 -1.6 -1.6 2 -0.3 -0.3 3 -1 -0.9 4 0.4 0.4 5 1.2 1.1 6 -0.1 -0.1 7 0.3 0.3 8 0.8 0.8 10 0 0 11 0 0 12 0 0 14 -0.2 -0.2 15 0.4 0.4 16 -1 -1 17 -0.2 -0.2 18 0.7 0.7 19 0.1 0.1 20 -0.1 -0.1 21 -0.4 -0.4 22 -0.7 -0.7 23 -0.1 -0.1 Mesocricetus auratus Other one half hr of social interaction with another male hamster 0.5 start of social interaction See comments CT12=activity onset "Mrosovsky, N." J. Comp. Physiol. A 162:35-46 1988 Wheel running activity Onset of activity variable LL 20-45 lux 20 +- 2 Some (22%) of the social interaction pulses lasted less than 0.5 hr. The behavior of hamsters during social interaction was quite variable. Many CT bins contain more than 1 data point. Means are given equal weight here. Therefore bins should not be given equal weight. The data is grouped into 4-hr bins in the original publication. "The data shown are for the 24 bins. Anything with a CT between 0 and .9999 is shown in the zero bin, etc." Assay of phase shift: activity onsets before and after social interaction were extrapolated and the phase shift of the day of interaction calculated from the difference in the extrapolated lines. H Mb 1 0 2.4 2.4 1 3 3 2 0.4 0.4 3 2.3 2.3 4 0.6 0.6 5 0.3 0.3 6 0.8 0.8 7 0 0 8 -0.2 -0.2 9 0.1 0.1 10 0.1 0.1 11 0.1 0.1 12 -1.3 -1.3 13 -2.2 -2.2 14 -2.5 -2.5 15 -3.4 -3.4 16 -3 -3 18 -7.5 -7.5 19 8.6 8.6 20 6.2 6.2 21 7.1 7.1 22 2.4 2.4 23 2.5 2.5 Mesocricetus brandti Light "150 lux, fluorescent white light" 1 onset of light pulse 1-14 12 circadian hrs before activity onset. "Pohl, H." Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81A:613-618 1985 Wheel running activity Onset of activity about 24.0 hr 0.01-0.02 lux 20 "Since the stimulus CT were more than 24 and not integers, the data are placed in bins for each full hr. " "As criteria, all ""stimulus CT"" from 0.6 to 1.5 h are combined to hr 1, from 1.6 to 2.5 h to hr 2, etc." "Transients: Advance phase shifts were achieved by several transient cycles, whereas few or no transients were observed after delay shifts." N=9. H Mm 1 0 0.8 3 0.1 6 0.1 9 -0.1 12 -0.6 14 -2.5 16 -3 18 -2.3 20 0.3 22 0.7 24 0.8 Mus musculus Light "about 100 lux, fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Daan, S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" J. comp. Physiol. 106: 253-290 1976 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity 23.4 "none, in DD" 20 Light pulses were administered to animals in steady-state free-runs. H Mm 2 0 0.3 3 -0.4 6 -0.2 9 0 12 -1.4 14 -2.4 16 -2.4 18 -1.7 20 0.6 22 0.5 24 0.3 Mus musculus 25% D2O Light "about 100 lux, fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Daan, S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" J. comp. Physiol. 106: 267-290 1976 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity 25.2 "none, in DD" 20 D2O was administered via the drinking water. Light pulses were administered to animals in steady-state free-runs. H Mn 1 0 0.4 0.4 2 0 0 7.2 -0.2 -0.2 11 -1.6 -1.6 14.8 -1.2 -1.2 16 0.3 0.3 18.8 2.7 2.6 20.8 3.7 3.6 22.8 2.3 2.2 22.9 1.7 1.6 23.3 1 1 24 0.4 0.4 Mus norvegicus albicus Light 800 Lux 1 onset of light pulse -see below 3 to 5 6 circadian hrs after phase ref (see below) "Honma, Katabami, Hiroshige" Experientia 34: 1602-1603 1978 spontaneous locomotor activity acrophase of activity "24.4 - 24.9 hrs, here taken as 24.65 hrs." "LL, 5 lux" not stated Light pulses were administered to rats free running in dim LL. "Transients were observed with advance, but not delay, phase shifts." "Def. of stimulus time: unfortunately, the authors don't state whether their PRC is plotted relative to the beginning, middle, or end of the 11 hr light pulse. " This Atlas PRC assumes that the original PRC was plotted relative to the onset of the light pulse. "Def. of CT0: The authors say ""the approximate position of the acrophase was at the midpoint of the subjective night."" " "Therefore, phase ref (acrophase) is taken as CT18, and CT0 is 6 circadian hrs after phase ref." H Pd 1 0 2.5 2.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 2.9 0 0 3.3 0 0 4.1 0 0 5 -0.6 -0.6 5.8 -2.5 -2.4 7 -2.2 -2.1 10.3 -2.8 -2.7 11.2 -3.4 -3.3 12.8 -8.5 -8.2 14.1 -5.1 -4.9 15.7 7.6 7.3 17 7.3 7 17.8 8 7.7 18.6 7.9 7.6 19.4 4.7 4.5 20.7 4.4 4.2 21.5 4.4 4.2 22.3 6.3 6 22.8 1.3 1.2 23.2 6 5.8 23.6 0.6 0.6 24 2.5 2.4 Passer domesticus Light 200-300 lux 6 beginning of light pulse between stimulus and onsets before and after pulse extrapolated onset of activity "Eskin, Arnold" In: Biochronometry pp. 55-80 1971 perch-hopping activity onset of activity 24.9 none; in DD about 23 Light pulses were given to birds that had been in DD for 4-7 months - long enough for period to stabilize. Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/ 24 circadian hrs). "In his paper, Eskin also plots the PRC which would be predicted from phase angle measurements of Passer under T-cycle entrainment. " The predicted PRC and the experimentally measured PRC (depicted here) agree excellently. H Pd 2 0 1 1 2 0.2 0.2 4 0.1 0.1 6 0 0 8 -0.9 -0.9 10 -1 -1 12 -1.3 -1.3 13 -0.7 -0.7 14 -1.2 -1.2 15 0 0 16 0.1 0.1 17 0.6 0.6 18 3.8 3.8 19 3.6 3.6 20 3.4 3.4 22 2.4 2.4 24 1 1 Passer domesticus (LD12:12) Light "800 lux, cool white fluorescent" 4 onset of pulse 1-5 (extrapolated) activity onset = phase ref "Binkley, Klein, Mosher" Two refs- see comments 1985 "locomotor activity (""perch hopping"")" Onset of activity 24 hr (see comments) DD 19-25 "The data for this PRC comes from the 2 sets of experiments, published separately; Klien et al (1985) Photochem. Photobiol. 41:453-457; Binkley and Mosher (1987) J. Biol. Rhythms 2:1-11" Protocol: The sparrows were pretreated with LD 12:12. The phase was determined using the first 5 cycles in DD after the pulse. White noise (90-100 decibels) was present. DD controls (N=20) exhibited 0.1 hr phase shifts when their activity onsets were compared to the onsets in prior LD 12:12. Two replicate groups of LD 12:12 to DD controls had period lengths of 24.0 +- SEM 0.2 and 23.9 +- SEM 0.1. Two pulse PRCs have been done for advancing and delaying light pulses --these data have been included in the Binkley and Mosher paper (1987). These data are as provided by the authors; the published data are shown " free-running period values which are not equal to 24 hrs; therefore, the calculations of phase-shift in circadian hrs (column #3) are suspect." H Pd 3 0 -0.7 -0.7 2 -0.1 -0.1 4 -0.4 -0.4 6 -0.7 -0.7 8 -0.8 -0.8 10 -1.6 -1.6 12 -2.1 -2.1 14 -1.3 -1.3 16 0.4 0.4 18 3 3 20 2 2 22 0.5 0.5 Passer domesticus (LD8:16) Light "800 lux, cool white fluorescent" 4 onset of pulse 1-5 (extrapolated) activity onset = phase ref "Binkley, Klein, Mosher" Am J. Physiol. 251:R1156-1162 1986 "locomotor activity (""perch hopping"")" Onset of activity 24 hr DD 19-25 Protocol: The sparrows were pretreated with LD 8:16 (lights-on 10 A.M. to 6 P.M.). The pulses were applied scanning a cycle beginning at CT 10 in the dark of the first night of DD. The phase was determined using the first 5 cycles in DD after the pulse. White noise (90-100 decibels) was present. DD controls (N=10) exhibited a 0.1 hr phase advance compared to the onsets in prior LD 8:16. "Phase angle: Sparrows in LD 8:16 exhibit activity in anticipation of light-on. Here, they exhibited 1.6 +- SEM 0.2 hrs of anticipatory activity." N=6-9 records from individual sparrows per time point. H Pd 4 0 3 3 2 2.2 2.2 4 1.6 1.6 6 1.2 1.2 8 0.4 0.4 10 0.5 0.5 12 0.7 0.7 14 0 0 16 0.3 0.3 18 0.2 0.2 20 2.8 2.8 22 3.4 3.4 Passer domesticus (LD 16:8) Light "800 lux, cool white fluorescent" 4 onset of pulse 1-5 (extrapolated) activity onset = phase ref "Binkley, Klein, Mosher" Am J. Physiol. 251:R1156-1162 1986 "locomotor activity (""perch hopping"")" Onset of activity 23.7 +- 0.2 hrs DD 19-25 Protocol: The sparrows were pretreated with LD 16:8 (lights-on 2 A.M. to 6 P.M.). The pulses were applied scanning a cycle beginning at CT 18 in the dark of the first night of DD. The phase was determined using the first 5 cycles in DD after the pulse. White noise (90-100 decibels) was present. N=6-11 records from individual sparrows per time point. H Pd 5 2 -0.4 -0.4 6 -0.1 -0.1 8 -0.1 -0.1 10 1.3 1.3 14 2.2 2.2 18 0.6 0.6 20 0.2 0.2 22 0.7 0.7 Passer domesticus Dark 40 -> 0 -> 40 lux 4 onset of dark pulse 1-5 (extrapolated) activity onset = phase ref "Klein, Binkley, Mosher" Photochem. Photobiol. 41:453-457 1985 "locomotor activity (""perch hopping"")" Onset of activity 24 hrs (see comments) Dim LL (40 lux) 19-25 "Protocol: The sparrows were pretreated with LD 12:12 (lights-on 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.). At lights-on, LL was initiated. The dark pulses were applied scanning a cycle beginning in the light of the" first cycle of LL beginning at CT 6. .The phase was determined using the first 5 cycles of LL after the dark pulse. White noise (90-100 decibels) was present. LL controls displayed a 1.4 +- SEM 0.2 hr advance compared to the onset of their activity in prior LD 12:12. This is probably because sparrows shorten period length in LL compared to DD. The data was adjusted for this control by subjecting 1.4 from all the shifts obtained. The data is as provided by the authors. "But they say tau in LL is shorter than in DD. Nevertheless, in both cases, they record tau=24 hrs. Therefore, these values are suspect (as are the values of phase shift in circadian hrs)." N= 4-20 records from individual sparrows per time point. H Pd 6 0.5 -0.6 -0.6 1.1 -0.4 -0.4 3.4 -0.6 -0.6 4.2 0.6 0.6 5.4 0.4 0.4 6.9 0 0 7.5 0.2 0.2 9.3 0.8 0.8 10.7 -0.7 -0.7 11.5 -0.5 -0.5 12.9 0.1 0.1 14.5 -0.1 -0.1 15.4 0.3 0.3 16.3 0.4 0.4 17.8 -0.3 -0.3 18.8 1.3 1.3 19.8 1.2 1.2 21.4 1.1 1.1 22.1 1.1 1.1 23 0.4 0.4 Passer domesticus Other Cage rattling at 10 min intervals for 2 hr 2 Onset of 2 hr pulse 1-8 (see below) activity onset (see below) "Reebs, S.G." Ethology 80:172-181 1989 "locomotor activity (""perch hopping"")" Onset of activity 23.9-25.5 h "None, DD" 13 +- 2 8 birds yielded 31 phase-shifts (all birds but 1 were pulsed 4 times). "Data shown are for CTs 1.1,4.2, 5.4, 15.4, 18.8, and 2.2 are the average of 2 data points per CT; CT 11.5, 3 data points; CT 21.4, 4 data points." "Phase shift was the difference between the extrapolations, on the day of the pulse, of 2 regression lines: one fitted through the 8 activity onsets immediately preceding the pulse," and 11 through the 8 subsequent onsets (excluding the first onset immediately following the pulse). The extrapolation of the pre-pulse regression line also defined CT 0. "24 control values )phase shift calculation method applied to unmanipulated free-running rhythms of the same 8 birds) ranged between -0.7 and 0.7 h (real time; average: 0.0 h, S.D.+0.4)" H P 1 0 0.7 0.7 4 -0.5 -0.5 8 -1.2 -1.2 9 -0.1 -0.1 11 0.1 0.1 12 -2 -2 15 -3.3 -3.3 16 -4 -4 17 5.2 5.2 17 -6.8 -6.8 18 2 2 20 1.9 1.9 21 0.3 0.3 22 0.9 0.9 23 2 2 24 0.7 0.7 Perognathus longimembris Temp 20 -> 30 -> 20 C 6 onset of temperature pulse see below 7 hrs before arousal from torpor (see below) "Lindberg, R. and P. Hayden" Chronobiologia 1: 356-361 1974 daily torpor of body temperature (see below) arousal from torpor 24 hrs (see below) in DD 20 Body temperature was remotely measured by radio transmitter - thermistors were implanted into mice abdomens. "Light pulses were administered during steady-state DD free-runs. The number of cycles between stimulus and assayed phase shifts isn't stated, but they do say that phase shifts were" "calculated from steady state period before and after stimulus. Period isn't stated, but they take it to be 24 hrs for their PRC normalization. " "The paper does, however, illustrate one free-run, and its period is 23.57 hrs." "The Def. of CT 0 is a problem. Arousal from torpor anticipates darkness (ct 12) by 7 hrs in LD 12:12, but these authors believe" that it anticipates CT 12 by 4-6 hrs in DD on the basis of comparisons with the onset of locomotor activity. No data is shown to support these claims. H Pl 1 0 0.2 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0.1 10 -0.4 12 -0.6 14 -1 16 -0.4 18 -0.1 20 0.4 22 0.6 24 0.2 Peromyscus leucopus Light "about 100 lux, fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Daan, S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" J. comp. Physiol. 106: 253-266 1970 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity 24 none; in DD 20 Light pulses were administered to animals in steady-state free-run. H Pm 1 0 0.4 2 0.1 4 0.3 6 0.4 8 -0.9 10 -0.3 12 -0.9 14 -1.7 16 -2.1 18 -1.1 20 0 22 0.7 24 0.4 Peromyscus mainculatus Light "about 100 lux, fluorescent light" 0.25 time of light pulse at least 3 12 circadian hrs before activity onset "Daan, S. and C. S. Pittendrigh" J. comp. Physiol. 106: 253-266 1970 """wheel running"" activity" onset of activity 22.9 none; in DD 29 Light pulses were administered to animals in steady-state free-run. H Ps 1 0 0 0 2 -0.2 -0.2 4 0.1 0.1 6 -0.1 -0.1 8 0.6 0.6 10 0.3 0.3 12 -0.9 -0.9 14 -0.7 -0.7 16 -0.5 -0.5 18 0.1 0.1 20 0 0 22 -0.2 -0.2 24 0 0 Phodopus sungorus Chem Carbachol (intracerebroventricular injections) injection Time of injection See comments 12 circadian hrs before activity onset. "Wee, B.E.F. and F.W. Turek" Brain Res. 505:209-214 1989 locomotor activity Onset of activity about 24.02 +- 0.03 hr DD (blinded) 22 "Stimulus: injection of cabachol, a cholinergic agonist, into the cerebroventricle. Carbachol injection was of 10 nM solution in 1 microL of Krebs Ringers phosphate." Phase shifts were calculated as the difference (within 5 minutes) between the extrapolations of the 7-10 onsets before the stimulus and the 7-10 onsets after the stimulus. H R 1 0 1.6 1.6 4 -2.6 -2.6 8 -10.9 -10.9 12 -0.2 -0.2 16 1 1 20 2.7 2.7 24 1.6 1.6 Rattus (Sprague-Dawley) Chem subcutaneous injection of theophylline (75 mg/kg body weight) injection time of injection 0-2 "extrapolated ""lights-up"" from previous bright/dim light cycle (800 lux/50 lux)" "Ehret, Potter and Dobra" Science 188: 1212-1215 1975 deep body temperature measured by telemetry maximum body temperature about 24.03 "LL, about 50 lux" 20 "Magnitude of shifts is highly variable. Here, shifts at the same CT are averaged." H R 2 0 0 0 4 -6 -6 8 -4.5 -4.5 12 -2.8 -2.8 16 -4.5 -4.5 20 -1.5 -1.5 24 0 0 Rattus (Sprague-Dawley) Chem subcutaneous injection of pentobarbital (40 mg/kg body weight) injection time of injection zero to 2 "extrapolated ""lights-up"" from previous bright/dim light cycle (800 lux/50 lux)" "Ehret, Potter, and Dobra" Science 188: 1212-1215 1975 deep body temperature measured by telemetry maximum body temperature about 24.03 "LL, about 50 lux" 20 "Magnitude of shifts is highly variable. Here, shifts at the same CT are averaged." H R 3 1 0.4 0.4 2 -0.6 -0.6 4 -1.6 -1.6 5.2 -1.3 -1.3 8 0.8 0.8 9.2 0.9 0.9 12 0.2 0.2 13.3 0.1 0.1 16 2.5 2.4 17 1.1 1.1 20.1 0.9 0.9 21.3 -0.6 -0.6 Rattus Chem Injection of 100 mg/kg methyl-tyrosine (i. p.) injection time of injection 11 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 8:16" Cahill and Ehret Am. J. Physiol. 243: R218-R222 1982 deep-body temperature rhythm """acrophase"" of temperature rhythm" 24.5 dim LL (0.1 lux) 20 Animals were provided with food ad libitum during the dim LL free run H R 4 1 0.5 0.5 5 -2.8 -2.7 9 -3.5 -3.4 13 0.1 0.1 17 2.2 2.1 21 2.1 2 Rattus Chem Injection of 10 mg/kg dexamethasone (i.p.) injection time of injection 4 to 5 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 8:16" Horseman and Ehret Am. J. Physiol. 243: R373-R378 1982 deep-body temperature rhythm """acrophase"" of temperature rhythm" 24.5 dim LL (0.1 lux) 20 Animals were provided with food ad libitum during the dim LL free run. H R 5 0 -0.8 -0.7 4 -0.2 -1.9 8 -1.2 -1.2 12 -4.4 -4.3 16 2.4 2.3 20 4 3.9 24 -0.8 -0.7 Rattus Chem injection of 10 mg/kg dexamethasone (i.p.) injection time of injection 4 to 5 "extrapolated ""lights-on"" of previous LD 8:16" Horseman and Ehret Am. J. Physiol. 243: R373-R378 1982 deep-body temperature rhythm """acrophase"" of temperature rhythm" 24.5 dim LL (0.1 lux) 20 "In contrast to the previous dexamethasone PRC, the animals in this experiment were starved during the dim LL free run." H R 6 0 1.3 2 0.3 4 -0.1 6 0.1 8 0 10 -0.3 12 -2 14 -2.5 16 1.9 18 0 20 1 22 1.2 24 1.3 Rattus (Sprague-Dawley strain) Light 150 Lux 1 time of light pulse between stimulus and phase ref extrapolated before and after light pulse 12 circadian hrs before phase ref Summer and McCormack Am. J. Physiol. 246: R299-R304 1984 locomotor activity (wheel-running) onset of activity 24.1 DD 23-26 "In the original figure, CT and phase change are plotted in degrees (360 degrees = 24 circadian hrs). That nomenclature has been converted to circadian hrs for the Atlas. " "Light stimulus - was given approximately each 2 weeks, but a second stimulus was never given unless tau had stabilized following the previous stimulus. Since females were used," " light stimuli were given only during vaginal estrus or metestrus, i. e., one 11 or 2 days following the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone." The phase-response-curve of the female albino rat is similar to that of other nocturnal rodents. "The delay to advance (D/A) ratio of its PRC was 1.5. This differs from the D/A ratio of 0.6 reported by Honma et. al. (Experientia 34: 1602, 1978). " "While several procedural differences existed between our study and Honma's, we believe the major one which accounts for the difference between the shape of their PRC and ours is " their use of 5 lux of background lighting. We utilized a background DD. The preliminary report of this PRC was in Fed. Proc. 41: 1698 (1982). H R 7 7.5 0.2 0.2 9 -0.2 -0.2 13.2 -0.3 -0.3 15.2 -1 -1 19.7 0.9 0.9 20.1 1.4 1.4 21.6 1.3 1.3 21.9 1.1 1.1 23.3 2.3 2.3 Rattus (blinded; Wistar strain) Electro-Mag 20-60 seconds of electrical stimulation to the SCN (see below) 0.01 time of stimulation between stimulus and linear regression of phase reference before and after stimulus compared 12 circadian hours before phase reference Rusak and Groos Science 215: 1407-1409 1982 feeding activity first daily burst of eating not stated; probably 24.1 - 24.3 ? ? "These blind rats were anesthetized, implanted with an electrode, and stimulated for 20-60 seconds (300 micro a, 25 0.5 msec pulse per second) at 2-4 closely placed sites." H Re 1 1 0.5 2 0.3 4 0.1 6 -0.9 7 -0.2 9 -2.1 10 -1.6 11 -3.6 12 -4.4 13 -3.9 14 -4.3 15 -5 19 1.5 20 2.2 21 1.1 22 1.9 23 1.2 Rattus exulans (wild-caught) Light 520 lux cool-white fluorescent 4 onset of light pulse phase change assayed after transients 12 circadian hours before phase reference Gander and Lewis Am. J. Physiol. 245: R10-R17 1983 locomotor activity (not wheel-running - see below) onset of activity 24.3 (species mean) LL (0.02-0.07 lux) 21 +- 1 "References: either P. H. Gander, Ph. D. thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand (1980), or Gander and Lewis, Am. J. Physiol. 245: R10-R17 (1983)." Activity of rodents detected when rat moved through an infrared beam bisecting its cage at a height of 3 cm. Individual period values for 10 cycles preceding pulse were used in normalizing data. "Phase change values represent means for CT bins 0-1, 1-2 etc. Light pulses were presented at approximately 30 day intervals." "In the original figure, neither the definition of CT 0 nor of stimulus time conformed to the Atlas format, so these definitions have been standardized here." H Re 2 0 0.9 1 -0.1 2 -0.2 3 -0.2 4 -1.1 5 -0.7 6 -3.6 9 -3.2 12 -4 16 -8.2 17 4.7 19 3.9 21 1.8 22 2.4 23 3 24 0.9 Rattus exulans (wild-caught) Light 520 lux cool-white fluorescent 8 onset of light pulse phase change assayed after transients "12 circadian hours, before phase reference" Gander and Lewis Am. J. Physiol. 245: R10-R17 1983 locomotor activity (not wheel-running) onset of activity 24.3 (species mean) LL (0.02-0.07 lux) 21 +- 1 See 4 hour PRC "* at CT 16, of the 3 different rats subjected to a light pulse, one had a phase change of -8.2 hours, the rhythm of the second split into 2 components with" "phase shifts of +5.5 and -7.9 hours, and the rhythm of the third shattered into multiple bouts of activity throughout the cycle." H Re 3 0 -2.9 1 -4.7 2 -5.1 3 -5.6 4 -7.1 5 -7.3 6 -5.6 7 -6.1 9 -5.5 10 -5.3 12 -5.3 13 -7.2 14 -2.6 15 -5.7 17 6.6 18 19 2.6 20 1.9 21 -1.4 23 -4.7 24 -2.9 Rattus exulans (wild-caught) Light 520 lux cool-white fluorescent 16 onset of light pulse phase change assayed after transients 12 circadian hours before phase reference Gander and Lewis Am. J. Physiol. 245: R10-R17 1983 locomotor activity (not wheel-running) onset of activity 24.3 (species mean) LL (0.02-0.07 lux) 21 +- 1 see 4 hour PRC "* at CT 18, phase shifts are not measurable because the rhythm shatters into multiple bouts per cycle." H Rn 1 1 0.9 0.9 3 0.3 0.3 5 -0.3 -0.2 7 -0.3 -0.3 9 -0.1 -0.1 11 -1.5 -1.5 13 -1.7 -1.7 15 -2.9 -2.8 17 -2.6 -2.5 19 -2 -1.9 21 0.5 0.5 23 1.4 1.4 Rattus domesticus albicus (onset) Light 300 lux fluorescent light 0.5 Time of light pulse 1-10 (extrapolated) 12 circadian hours before activity onset "Honma, K, S. Honma, T. Hiroshige " Jpn. J. Phys. 35:643-658 1985 Spontaneous locomotor activity Onset of activity 24.43 (mean of 122 estimates) DD 22 +- 1 122 phase-shifts were analyzed in 10 rats. Each phase response was expressed with a mean of 8-12 estimates in bins of 2 hrs each. "This PRC is a steady-state PRC, but the original publication also includes plots of phase-shifts on the first day after the stimulus." H Rn 2 1 0.4 0.4 3 0.1 0.1 5 -0.2 -0.2 7 -0.1 -0.1 9 -0.3 -0.3 11 -1.7 -1.7 13 -2.1 -2 15 -3 -3 17 -2.7 -2.6 19 0.7 0.7 21 1.8 1.8 23 1.7 1.7 Rattus domesticus albicus (offset) Light 300 lux fluorescent light 0.5 Time of light pulse 1-10 (extrapolated) 12 circadian hours before activity onset "Honma, K, S. Honma, T. Hiroshige " Jpn. J. Phys. 35:643-658 1985 Spontaneous locomotor activity Onset of activity 24.43 (mean of 122 estimates) DD 22 +- 1 "For protocol, see the PRC by Honma et al which uses onset." H Ss 1 3.5 1.1 1.1 7.5 -0.3 -0.3 11.5 -0.5 -0.5 14.5 -0.6 -0.6 17.5 -1.2 -1.2 20.5 4.5 4.4 23.5 -0.8 -0.8 Saimiri sciureus Light 600 lux fluorescent light 1 onset of light pulse 5 (4+ pulse day) lights on of LD 12:12 prior to free-run "Hoban, Tana M. and Frank M. Sulzman" unpublished body temperature acrophase of fitted sine wave 24.2 -24.7 h. (x=24.4) none; in DD 25-26 The control protocol for these experiments was to transfer monkeys from LD to DD (ID=0 lx) and monitor the rhythms for 2 weeks in constant darkness. The phase on the first day of DD was determined by extrapolating the phase of the last 9 days of DD (DD days 1-5 were omitted as transients). "In the pulse experiments, a 1 hr pulse of light was given during the first 24 hrs of DD, and then the monkeys returned to DD for 2 weeks. " The extrapolated phase on the first day of DD was determined and compared to the control phase for each individual monkey. H Ss 2 3.5 -0.2 -0.2 7.5 0.6 0.6 11.5 -0.7 -0.7 14.5 -2.8 -2.7 17.5 -0.1 -0.1 20.5 5.3 5.2 23.5 0.6 0.6 Saimiri sciureus Light 600 lux fluorescent light 1 onset of 11-hour light pulse 5 (4 + pulse day) lights on of LD 12:12 prior to free-run "Hoban, Tana M. and Frank M. Sulzman" unpublished drinking acrophase of fitted sine wave 23.9 -24.6 h. (x=24.25) none; in DD 25-26 The control protocol for these experiments was to transfer monkeys from LD to DD (ID = 0 lx) and monitor the rhythms for 2 weeks in constant darkness. The phase on the first day of DD was determined by extrapolating the phase of the last 9 days of DD (DD days 1-5 were omitted as transients). "In the pulse experiments, a 1 hr pulse of light was given during the first 24 hrs of DD, and then the monkeys returned to DD for 2 weeks. " The extrapolated phase on the first day of DD was determined and compared to the control phase for each individual monkey. H So 1 0 0.3 0.3 3 -0.3 -0.3 6 -1 -1 9 -1.4 -1.4 12 -1.9 -1.9 15 2.1 2.1 18 -0.1 -0.1 21 0 0 24 0.3 0.3 Sceloporus occidentalis Light about 60 lux fluorescent light 1 onset of light pulse see below onset of activity (ct 0 = phase reference) "Underwood, H." Am. J. Physiol. 244: R857-R864 1983 locomotor activity onset of activity 23.6 DD 29 +- 1 "Protocol: lizards were entrained to LD 12:12 for a minimum of 21 days, released into DD, given a light pulse on day 7 of DD, and allowed to free-run in DD for 10 more days." "To calculate the magnitude of the phase-shifts, an ""eye-fit"" line was drawn through the daily onsets of activity for the 4-5 days preceding a pulse and projected to the day of the pulse. " "Another ""eye-fit"" line was drawn through the activity onsets (steady state) for the 5-10 days after the pulse and retrogressed. " The phase-shift was computed by subtracting the retrogressed time of onset from the projected activity onset. Phase shifts were averaged over 3 hour bins of circadian phase. H So 2 0 -0.1 -0.1 3 1.1 1.1 6 -0.5 -0.5 9 -3.3 -3.3 12 -3.6 -3.6 15 -2.7 -2.7 21 0.6 0.6 24 -0.1 -0.1 Sceloporus occidentalis (pinx) Light about 60 lux fluorescent light 1 onset of light pulse see previous PRC onset of activity (ct 0 = phase reference) "Underwood, H." Am. J. Physiol. 244: R857-R864 1983 locomotor activity onset of activity 24 DD 29 +- 1 This PRC depicts the phase response to light of lizards which have been pinealectomized. H So 3 0 0.5 0.6 3 0.8 0.9 6 1.2 1.2 9 -0.9 -0.9 12 -6.4 -6.7 15 5.6 5.9 18 4.6 4.7 21 4.1 4 Sceloporus occidentalis (extraretinal) Light 60 Lux fluorescent light (F4T5/cw) 6 Beginning of of light pulse 4 - 9 locomotor activity onset "Underwood, H. " Am J. Physiol. 248:R407-R414 1985 Locomotor activity Onset of activity 23.4 DD 29 The lizards were subjected to bilateral optic nerve section prior to determining the PRC; the PRC represents the PRC mediated only by extraterrestrial photoreceptors. " Circadian hrs were determined using taus of individuals, not the average tau. Light pulses were administered every 14 days to lizards free running in DD." "Phase shifts were aggregated into 3 hr bins (0 +-1.5 hrs, 3 +- 1.5 hrs, etc.)" H So 4 0 -4.8 -5 3 -2.9 -2.9 6 0.5 0.5 9 0.9 0.9 12 1.7 1.2 15 1.6 1.6 18 -3.4 -3.4 21 -2.6 -2.6 Sceloporus occidentalis (extraretinal) Chem Single injections of melatonin of 10 microG melatonin (subcutaneous injection) injection time of injection 2-8 locomotor activity onset "Underwood, H. " J. Pineal Res. 3:187-196 1986 Locomotor activity Onset of activity 23.5 Dim LL (1 lux) 29 Dim LL was provided by 4 watt fluorescent bulbs (F4T5/cw) Single injections of melatonin were given every 14 days to lizards free running in dim LL. "Phase shifts were aggregated into 3 hr bins (0 +- 1.5 hrs, 3 +- 1.5 hrs, etc.)" "Circadian hrs were determined using taus of individuals, not the average tau." H Ts 1 4 0 0 10 -2.3 -2.2 12 -1.3 -1.3 13 -8 -7.7 14 -5 -4.8 16 -0.3 -0.3 18 0.5 0.5 19 0.5 0.5 21 0 0 23 2.2 2.1 Tamias striatus Light 1200 lux incandescent 1 beginning of pulse none activity onset "Kramm, K. R. and D. A. Kramm" Int. J. Biometerology 24: 65-76 1980 """Wheel-running"" activity" activity onset 24.9 "none, DD" 21 Data are from 54 pulse experiments conducted on 9 chipmunks. Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hours). "The author's PRC based on phase angles under T-cycle entrainment is similar to this PRC with regard to the CT of delay-advance change-over (i.e., between CT17 and 18), but " "is substantially different in its amplitude. In particular, the entrainment-PRC has no delays larger than -1.3 hours. The advance portions of both PRCs are similar." H Th 1 1 -0.2 -0.2 2 0 0 7 -0.8 -0.8 9 -0.4 -0.4 10 -0.3 -0.3 11 0 0 17 0 0 18 0.1 0.1 19 0.8 0.8 21 1 1 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Light 1200 lux incandescent 1 beginning of pulse None activity onset "Kramm, K. R. and D. A. Kramm" Int. J. Biometerology 24: 65-76 1980 """Wheel running"" activity" activity onset 24.2 DD 21 Data are from 41 pulse experiments conducted on 7 squirrels. Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hours). The authors' PRC based on phase angles under T-cycle entrainment is qualitatively similar to this PRC. H Th 2 0 0.9 0.9 1 -0.1 -0.1 2 -0.3 -0.3 3 -0.3 -0.3 8 -0.4 -0.4 11 -0.4 -0.4 13 0 0 14 -0.1 -0.1 18 0.4 0.4 19 0.2 0.2 22 0.4 0.4 24 0.9 0.9 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Light 1200 lux incandescent 12 initiation of light pulse none activity onset "Kramm, K. R. " Amer. Natur. 109 (968) : 379-389 1975 """Wheel running"" activity" activity onset variable; approximately 24.0 hours "none, in DD" 21 Data are from 21 pulse experiments conducted on several different squirrels. Original PRC plotted phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hours). The author's PRC based on phase angles under T-cycle entrainment is qualitatively similar to this PRC. H Tm 1 0 0.6 0.6 2 0.1 0.1 4 -0.7 -0.7 6 -0.8 -0.8 8 -0.8 -0.8 9 1 1 10 0.3 0.3 12 0.8 0.8 14.2 0.8 0.8 16.1 0.8 0.8 18 1 1 20.2 1.6 1.5 22 0.8 0.8 24 0.6 0.6 Taphozous melanopogon Light 1000 lux incandescent 0.25 beginning of light pulse between stimulus and onsets extrapolated before and after pulse 12 circadian hours before onset of activity (see comments) Subbaraj and Chandrashekaran J. comp. Physiol. 127: 239-243 1978 "locomotor (""ambulatory"") activity" onset of activity about 25 LL (5 lux) 28 "ct 0 definition: the authors state that the onset of flight activity coincides with sunset in the ""field"". Therefore, phase reference is here" " taken as CT 12 and CT 0 occurs 12 circadian hours before phase reference. Whether the onset of locomotor (""ambulatory"") activity and the onset of flight activity are comparable is unknown. " " The authors expressed the circadian phase of stimulus in degrees (360 degrees/24 circadian hours), with 0 degrees phase corresponding to the onset of activity." After-effects on period of light and dark pulses are apparent in the data of this paper. H Tm 2 0 1.7 1.7 2 0.9 0.9 4 0.5 0.5 6 0.3 0.3 8 0.2 0.2 10 0.2 0.2 12 0 0 14.2 -0.3 -0.3 16.1 -1 -1 18 -1.2 -1.2 20.2 -1.3 -1.3 22 1 1 24 1.7 1.7 Taphozous melanopogon Dark 5 -> 0 -> 5 Lux 2 beginning of dark pulse between stimulus and onsets of extrapolated before and after pulse "12 circadian hours before onset of activity (see comments, previous PRC)" Subbaraj and Chandrashekaran J. comp. Physiol. 127: 239-243 1978 "locomotor (""ambulatory"") activity" onset of activity about 25 LL (5 lux) 28? See previous PRC H Tm 3 0 2.5 2.4 4 1.1 1.1 6 0.9 0.9 8 1.1 1.1 10 1.2 1.2 12 -0.2 -0.2 14.2 -0.5 -0.5 16.1 -0.7 -0.7 18 -1.4 -1.3 20.2 -1.6 -1.5 22 1.6 1.5 24 2.5 2.4 Taphozous melanopogon Dark 5 -> 0 -> 5 Lux 4 beginning of dark pulse between stimulus and onsets of extrapolated before and after pulse "12 circadian hours before onset of activity (see comments, previous PRC)" Subbaraj and Chandrashekaran J. comp. Physiol. 127: 239-243 1978 "locomotor (""ambulatory"") activity" onset of activity about 25 LL (5 lux) 28? See previous PRC H Tm 4 0 4 4 4 5.7 5.7 8 1.3 1.3 12 0.7 0.7 16 1.3 1.3 20 2.7 2.7 24 4 4 Taphozous melanopogon Dark transfer from LL (5 lux) to DD Step time of LL to DD transfer between stimulus and onsets extrapolated before and after step 12 circadian hours before phase reference Subbaraj and Chandrashekaran J. inter. Cycle Res. 12: 305-312 1981 locomotor activity onset of activity about 24 hours (DD) DD; LL (5 lux) 28 See previous PRCs. H Tm 5 4 -2.5 -2.4 8 -0.7 -0.6 12 -0.3 -0.3 16 -0.5 -0.5 20 -1.1 -1 24 -1.9 -1.8 Taphozous melanopogon Light transfer from DD to LL (5 lux) Step time of LL to DD transfer between stimulus and onsets extrapolated before and after step 12 circadian hours before phase reference Subbaraj and Chandrashekaran J. inter. Cycle Res. 12: 305-312 1981 locomotor activity onset of activity about 24 hours (DD) DD; LL (5 lux) 28? See previous PRCs.